Download open stax chapter 15 psychological disordersuse

PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 15 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
PowerPoint Image Slideshow
CHAPTER PRETEST
•What are Mental Disorders?
•How are Mental Disorders Defined, Assessed, and Diagnosed?
•What are Anxiety Disorders?
•What are Mood Disorders?
•What are Schizophrenia Spectrum and other Psychotic
Disorders?
CHAPTER TOPICS
•Some Final Thoughts: Syndromes without Stigma?
•Summary
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Psychopathology is defined as the study of mental illness or mental
distress. This definition also includes the manifestation of behaviors
and experiences which may be indicative of mental illness or
psychological impairment.
This is not the same as a “psychopath”.
Analogy: Biologists study biology. Psychologists and Psychiatrists
study psychology.
FIGURE 15.4
The graph shows the breakdown of psychological disorders, comparing the percentage
prevalence among adult males and adult females in the United States. Because the data is
from 2007, the categories shown here are from the DSM-IV, which has been supplanted by
the DSM-5. Most categories remain the same; however, alcohol abuse now falls under a
broader Alcohol Use Disorder category.
HISTORICAL VIEWS OF MENTAL
DISORDERS
•Early views of mental disorders held to the somatogenic
hypothesis.
• Disorders are the result of a specific injury or infection.
•Sigmund Freud, in contrast, argued for the psychogenic
hypothesis.
• Mental disorders are rooted in psychological processes.
MODERN THEORIES
•Diathesis-stress model
• Diathesis creates the predisposition or vulnerability.
• Stress provides a trigger.
• There are also Protective Factors.
• Biopsychosocial model
• Multiple factors give rise to both diathesis and stress.
FIGURE 15.5
Obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder frequently occur in the
same person.
FIGURE 15.6
In The Extraction of the Stone of
Madness, a 15th century painting by
Hieronymus Bosch, a practitioner is
using a tool to extract an object (the
supposed “stone of madness”) from the
head of an afflicted person.
FIGURE 15.8
A person’s risk of developing schizophrenia increases if a relative has schizophrenia.
The closer the genetic relationship, the higher the risk.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Psychopathology encompasses many different issues.
These include, but are not limited to: depression, anxiety,
schizophrenia, psychosis, bipolar depression, and personality
disorders.
DEFINE, ASSESS, DIAGNOSE
•A diagnosis is made with reference to the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM). The book now is the DSM 5.
•The purpose of this book is to provide clinicians with a way to make a
Clinical Case Formulation.
•https://youtu.be/G9srRI-XYrM
CLINICAL CASE FORMULATION
A Clinical Case Formulation is defined as a comprehensive
assessment of someone.
This includes knowing someone’s history, and a concise summary of
their experiences with social, cultural, psychological factors.
CLINICAL CASE FORMULATION
This then provides a solid overview to explain the reasons for
why someone is experiencing the symptoms and the stressors
they are currently going through.
This then allows the clinician and client to find the better
treatment plan options and overall treatment plan.
CLINICAL CASE FORMULATION
Lets explore completing a clinical case formulation. You are about to
view soap opera extremes of mental health issues in order to do that.
These are not true.
https://youtu.be/GYEkyxaO6Bw
https://youtu.be/fz0q7YKjp48
QUIZ 1
How would you define the practice of psychopathology?
How would you define a clinical case formulation?
What are three things psychologists and therapist would look for
when they are completing the clinical case formulation?
 How would knowing these 3 things help with treatment planning?
ASSESSMENT
•Assessment of any individual may include
• semi-structured interview
• The clinician evaluates symptoms and signs.
• self-report measures
• such as the Beck Depression Inventory
• projective measures
• such as the Thematic Apperception Test
ASSESSMENT
•Assessment of any individual may include
• semi-structured interview
• The clinician evaluates symptoms and signs.
• self-report measures
• such as the Beck Depression Inventory
• projective measures
• such as the Thematic Apperception Test
DIAGNOSIS
This is made after the assessment.
The assessment provides you with a clinical case formulation.
The clinical case formulation should always be flexible and ongoing.
In order to be considered a diagnosis, the issues must cause a
pervasive pattern or problems in many areas of a person’s life.
Differential diagnoses, subtleties, unique.
ANXIETY DISORDERS
Characterized by some level of fear and stress.
One of the most common types of mental health issue.
Separation Anxiety and Generalized Anxiety.
PTSD, Social Anxiety, Phobias.
FIGURE 15.9
Some of the physical manifestations of a panic attack are shown. People may also
experience sweating, trembling, feelings of faintness, or a fear of losing control, among
other symptoms.
FIGURE 15.10
Worry is a defining feature of generalized anxiety disorder. (credit: Freddie Peña)
FIGURE 15.11
(a) Repetitive hand washing and (b) checking (e.g., that a door is locked) are common
compulsions among those with obsessive-compulsive disorder. (credit a: modification of
work by the USDA; credit b: modification of work by Bradley Gordon)
FIGURE 15.12
Those who suffer from hoarding disorder have great difficulty in discarding
possessions, usually resulting in an accumulation of items that clutter living or work
areas. (credit: “puuikibeach”/Flickr)
ANXIETY DISORDERS
• Generalized anxiety disorder.
• continuous and pervasive feelings of anxiety
• Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders.
• obsessions (disturbing thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive
behaviors). Also includes BDD, Trichotillomania, Skin Picking
(Excoriation), and Hoarding.
• The Trauma or Stress Related Disorders.
• the result of identifiable and horrific events.
• RAD, PTSD, Acute Stress, Adjustment Disorders, etc.
ANXIETY DISORDERS
Panic attacks and panic disorder.
Substance abuse or medication induced anxiety disorder.
https://youtu.be/IaPN9KQoYbs
https://youtu.be/htxw16KhvkY
GENES AND ANXIETY
•A number of different genes are thought to contribute to the
anxiety disorders.
•Neuroimaging studies reveal that different anxiety disorders have
different biological bases.
•Conditioning accounts of anxiety disorders emphasize the role
played by learning.
QUIZ 2
What is needed to consider someone’s symptoms a diagnosis?
What is meant by differential diagnosis?
What symptoms typically characterize an anxiety disorder?
Please name two types of anxiety disorders.
DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS
•Characterized by signs and symptoms that include a pervasive
depressed mood and feelings of hopelessness.
•Major Depression: issues with appetite, sleep, mood, motivation, lack
of pleasure, feelings of worthlessness, and sometimes suicide or
thoughts of death.
•Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia): Chronic lower grade
depression symptoms that last two years.
DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS
•Mood disorders have important hereditary components.
•A disruption of neurotransmission is also implicated, involving the
norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin systems.
•https://youtu.be/dXeevtn9_Os
DEPRESSION
•Life crises often trigger depression.
• However, crises by themselves do not cause the disorder.
• Aaron Beck
• negative cognitive schema
• Explanatory style
• Individuals who explain bad things that happen as the result
of internal, global, and stable factors have an elevated risk of
depression.
BIPOLAR AND RELATED
DISORDERS
Mania is the cardinal symptom of bipolar disorder. Without the
mania, it would be considered Depressive Disorder.
There are several types of Bipolar Disorder based upon the
specific duration and pattern of manic and depressive episodes.
A MANIC EPISODE
Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity (ranges from uncritical selfconfidence to a delusional sense of expertise).
Decreased need for sleep.
Intensified speech (possible characteristics: loud, rapid and difficult to
interrupt, a focus on sounds, theatrics and self-amusement, non-stop
talking regardless of other person’s participation/interest, angry
tirades).
.
A MANIC EPISODE
Rapid jumping around of ideas or feels like thoughts are racing.
Distractibility (attention easily pulled away by irrelevant/unimportant
things).
Increase in goal-directed activity (i.e. excessively plans and/or
pursues a goal; either social, work/school or sexual) or psychomotor
agitation (such as pacing, inability to sit still, pulling on skin or clothing).
A MANIC EPISODE
Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high risk
consequence.
A Hypomanic Episode is very similar to a manic one, but less
intense. It is only required to persist for 4 days and it should be
observable by others that the person is noticeably different from his or
her regular, non-depressed mood and that the change has an impact
on his or her functioning.
BIPOLAR AND RELATED DISORDERS
A Mixed Episode would fulfill the symptom requirements for both a
Major Depressive Episode and a Manic Episode nearly every day but
the mixed symptoms only need to last for a 1-week period.
The main difference between BP I and BP II is full mania (7 days) v.
hypomania (4 days). Once a person experiences a full manic episode,
they will receive a BP I diagnosis.
BIPOLAR AND RELATED
DISORDERS
https://youtu.be/D933-ImDasI
QUIZ 3
What factors characterize a depressive disorder?
What are the differences between a depressive disorder and a
bipolar disorder?
Are there genetic components for people who eventually experience
one of these types of mood disorders?
SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM AND
OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS
This illness is now considered a spectrum disorder. It's a group of
related mental disorders that share some symptoms. They affect your
sense of what's real. They change how you think, feel, and act.
Delusional Disorder, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophreniform (similar
to schizophrenia, less severe), and Schizoaffective (with mood
episode).
SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM AND
OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS
•Someone with schizophrenia is likely to suffer from these symptoms:
1. Delusions.
2. Hallucinations.
3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence).
4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior.
5. Negative symptoms (i.e., diminished emotional expression or
avolition)
SCHIZOPHRENIA
At least two of the five symptoms must be present for at least
one month. One of the two symptoms must be
delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech. Negative
symptoms, which impair function the most, are now official.
SCHIZOPHRENIA
•Possible factors contributing to schizophrenia:
• genetic predisposition
• period of diminished oxygen supply to the newborn
• a variety of prenatal viral infections
• https://youtu.be/yL9UJVtgPZY
SCHIZOPHRENIA
•The evidence suggests that schizophrenia is a
neurodevelopmental disorder.
• Its precursors may be detected in early childhood.
• Stress also contributes to schizophrenia.
QUIZ
What are the five factors or symptoms associated with
schizophrenia?
Name two types of schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
Are there genetic components in these disorders?
FIGURE 15.13
Different regions of the brain may be associated with different psychological disorders.
FIGURE 15.14
PTSD was first recognized in soldiers
who had engaged in combat. Research
has shown that strong social support
decreases the risk of PTSD. This person
stands at the Vietnam Traveling
Memorial Wall. (credit: Kevin Stanchfield)
FIGURE 15.15
Mood disorders are characterized by
massive disruptions in mood. Symptoms
can range from the extreme sadness and
hopelessness of depression to the
extreme elation and irritability of mania.
(credit: Kiran Foster)
FIGURE 15.16
Many medications designed to treat
mood disorders work by altering
neurotransmitter activity in the neural
synapse.
FIGURE 15.17
Depressed individuals react to negative emotional stimuli, such as sad faces, with
greater amygdala activation than do non-depressed individuals. (credit: Ian Munroe)
FIGURE 15.18
A study on gene-environment interaction in people experiencing chronic depression in
adulthood suggests a much higher incidence in individuals with a short version of the
gene in combination with childhood maltreatment (Brown & Harris, 2013).
FIGURE 15.19
Longitudinal studies have helped to
identify risk factors for predicting violent
behavior.
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Personality is a complex set of characteristics that make us who we
are, at least when it comes to our typical behaviors, ways of coping,
and attitudes toward ourselves and others. Many regard our
personalities as made up of dispositions that remain relatively
consistent throughout our life situations and relationships. According
toConscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness to
Experience, and Extraversion.
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
•Personality disorders involve traits or habits that characterize almost
everything a person does. They must be shown to be pervasive in
relationships.
• These disorders are difficult to diagnose.
• Diagnosis requires a very thorough history of how someone has
behaved in their relationships with self and others.
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
They fall within 10 distinct types: paranoid personality disorder,
schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder,
antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic
personality, narcissistic personality disorder, avoidant personality
disorder, dependent personality disorder and obsessivecompulsive
personality disorder.
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/mvp-brandon-marshall-on-bpd/
https://youtu.be/PzXB_1xi--8
https://youtu.be/wO5d8ig48XQ
QUIZ
What is personality?
What are the 10 personality disorders?
How is personality disorder defined?
This PowerPoint file is copyright 2014-2015, Rice University. All
Rights Reserved.