* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Nervous System Notes File
Neuroesthetics wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Causes of transsexuality wikipedia , lookup
Donald O. Hebb wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Dual consciousness wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Embodied cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Neurogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Proprioception wikipedia , lookup
Psychoneuroimmunology wikipedia , lookup
Lateralization of brain function wikipedia , lookup
Neurophilosophy wikipedia , lookup
Neuroinformatics wikipedia , lookup
Blood–brain barrier wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Aging brain wikipedia , lookup
Neurolinguistics wikipedia , lookup
Neural engineering wikipedia , lookup
Human brain wikipedia , lookup
Selfish brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Neurotechnology wikipedia , lookup
Impact of health on intelligence wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Brain morphometry wikipedia , lookup
Stimulus (physiology) wikipedia , lookup
Brain Rules wikipedia , lookup
Neuroplasticity wikipedia , lookup
Haemodynamic response wikipedia , lookup
History of neuroimaging wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Neuroregeneration wikipedia , lookup
Sports-related traumatic brain injury wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychology wikipedia , lookup
The Nervous System I. Function and Structure of the Nervous system Coordinates all the activities in your body; the brain, spinal cord and nerves work together II. a. Central Nervous System i. Brain and Spinal Cord ii. Receives messages from the nerves in the peripheral nervous system, interprets them, and sends out a response iii. Impulses can move at speeds up to 280 miles per hour b. Peripheral Nervous System i. Nerves that extend from the brain, spinal cord and sensory receptors ii. Sensory receptors are found in places like the skin that sense pressure, temperature or pain The Central Nervous System a. Brain – integrates and controls the activities of the nervous system i. Helps you receive and process messages, think, remember, reason, and coordinate muscle movements ii. Adult brains weigh up to three pounds iii. Uses 20% of oxygen we inhale iv. The brain is protected by the skull, cranial meninges and cerebrospinal fluid 1. Cranial Meninges – made up of three layers of tissue v. Divided into three main divisions: the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brain stem b. The Cerebrum – largest and most complex part of the brain i. Covered with gray matter ii. Center for conscious thought, learning, and memory iii. Divided into two hemispheres – the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body and the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body iv. Left Hemisphere: language, reasoning and the ability to analyze and think critically about math and science v. Right Hemisphere: process music, art and spatial relationships vi. Both Hemispheres have 4 Lobes or sections 1. The Frontal Lobe – Controls Voluntary movements; has a role in the use of language, involved in intellect and personality 2. The Parietal Lobe – sensory information such as heat, cold, pain, touch and body position and space 3. The Occipital Lobe - vision 4. The Temporal Lobe – hearing and smell; memory, thought and judgment c. The Cerebellum- second largest part of the brain i. Movement of skeletal muscles ii. Helps with body’s posture and balance d. The Brain Stem – a three-inch stalk of nerve cells and fibers that connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain i. Medulla Oblongata 1. Regulates heartbeat and breathing 2. Reflexes such as coughing, sneezing and vomiting 3. Hearing and tongue movement to control speech and swallowing ii. Pons 1. Pathway for nerve impulses 2. Helps regulate breathing 3. Controls muscles of the eyes and face iii. Midbrain 1. Controls eyeball movement and pupil size 2. Reflex response of turning your head when you hear something iv. Thalamus 1. Receives sensory information from the eyes, ears and skin III. IV. 2. Has a role in feeling pain v. Hypothalamus 1. Controls regulation of body temperature, appetite and sleep 2. Pituitary gland – controls metabolism, sexual development and emotional responses The Peripheral Nervous System – carries messages between the CNS and the rest of the body a. The Autonomic Nervous System – controls involuntary functions i. The Sympathetic Nervous System – controls what happens when you are startled 1. Fight or flight response 2. Heart rate increases, breathing rate increases, blood flow increases 3. Reflex – a spontaneous response of the body to a stimulus ii. The Parasympathetic Nervous System – does the opposite of the sympathetic nervous system 1. Slows down heart rate and breathing rate b. Somatic Nervous System – i. relays messages from receptors in the eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin to the CNS ii. relays messages from the CNS to skeletal muscles Problems of the Nervous System a. Can result from damage to nerve cells or injury to the brain or spinal cord i. Falls, sports, car accidents, etc. ii. Drugs and alcohol destroy brain cells b. Head injuries i. Concussion 1. Could cause temporary loss of consciousness 2. Caused by a bump, jolt or blow to the head that causes the brain to not function normally V. ii. Contusion 1. Also caused by a blow to the head 2. Bruising of the brain tissue that could cause swelling 3. Can cause bleeding in the brain which will form a clot iii. Major Trauma 1. Could cause a person to go into a coma c. Spinal Injuries i. Any swelling around the spinal cord could cause a temporary loss of function ii. If the spinal cord is severed or damages beyond repair paralysis usually results iii. Quadriplegia 1. Caused by injury to the upper part of the spinal cord 2. Causes paralysis of both upper and lower limbs iv. Paraplegia 1. Caused by injury that occurs at the lower part of the spinal cord 2. Causes paralysis of both lower limbs Degenerative Diseases – diseases that cause cells and tissues to deteriorate over time a. Parkinson’s Disease i. Caused by the destruction of nerve cells in the area of the brain that coordinates movement ii. More and more nerve cells are destroyed over time iii. Uncontrolled tremors, increased muscle rigidity iv. No known cause or cure b. Multiple Sclerosis i. The immune system attacks the myelin sheath around the axons of the neurons ii. Voluntary muscle movement is affected (example: eventually can’t walk) iii. No cure c. Alzheimer’s Disease VI. VII. i. Neurons in the brain are destroyed ii. Can’t transmit nerve impulses iii. Loss of memory, confusion and mental deterioration iv. Cause unknown, no cure Other Disorders and Problems a. Epilepsy – disorder of the nervous system that is characterized by recurrent seizures i. Seizures – sudden episodes of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain ii. Medications can help b. Cerebral Palsy – a group of nonprogressive neurological disorders that are the result of damage to the brain before, during or just after birth or in early childhood i. Caused by infections, head injury or exposure to radiation ii. Physical therapy and braces help patients walk and be independent Tests for the Brain a. CT or CAT scan – x-rays b. PET scan – Uses radiation to produce 3D, colored images i. Dye is injected ii. Tests brain function c. MRI i. Uses radio waves and magnetic fields to produce brain images