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Global Interactions c.1450 – c.1750 Breakdown of religious unity ◦ Protestant Reformation Rival types of monarchies develop ◦ Absolute vs. Limited Intellectual Movements gain popularity ◦ Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment Results: ◦ Europe catches up to China/Islamic World ◦ Increased commercialization/globalization causes major social change Cultural rebirth centered in N. Italy that brings W. Europe out of “Dark Ages” Encourages individuality & more secular society Great Renaissance figures ◦ Michelangelo, Da Vinci, Petrarch, Shakespeare, Erasmus Eventually spreads throughout all of Europe Causes ◦ Corrupt Church practices Great Schism of 1400s Indulgences Simony Selling of Holy Relics ◦ Influenced by Renaissance ◦ Gutenberg’s printing press ◦ Brave leaders Wycliffe, Hus & Luther Results ◦ Immediate results Political & social challenges to authority Variety of protestant sects formed ◦ Long-term results End of religious unity Movements towards democracy Religious Wars throughout Europe English Civil War 30 Years War French Civil War Starting in late Middle Ages, monarchs throughout Europe began to slowly centralize power ◦ Helped by events like the Crusades & Bubonic Plague Constant power struggle between monarchs and nobles started to tilt towards monarchs by 1500s Why centralized power? ◦ Need for large, professional army ◦ Clearly defined nations emerge ◦ Mercantilism Absolute Monarchy Monarchs ignore legislative bodies Influential bureaucracy loyal to monarch Monarchs control local affairs Decisions to go to war and what to spend $$ on rest solely in hands of monarch Unlimited power for monarch People serve the monarch Limited Monarchy Legislative bodies share power Bureaucracy less influential Nobility control local affairs Decisions to go to war and what to spend $$ on shared by nobility & monarch Monarch has limited power Monarch serves the people Similarities ◦ Leaders ruled with divine right ◦ Emphasis on the state above all else ◦ Ability to make war was focus ◦ Ruled people of a shared culture ◦ Regulated economy through taxation, mercantilist philosophy ◦ Monarchs facilitated cultural expression In 16th – 17th c. science overtakes religion as dominant force in the West ◦ Middle Ages = learned centered around faith ◦ Renaissance & Reformation challenged established way of thinking Key Figures ◦ Rene Descartes Skeptically review all knowledge Use reasoning to discover natural law ◦ Francis Bacon Scientific method Use science to advanced society Significant Changes in Belief Systems ◦ Traditional views of the universe disproven Geocentric vs. Heliocentric, Finite vs. infinite universe, God controlling nature vs. natural laws ◦ Science used to further human progress & knowledge Results: ◦ Scientific thinking applied to government/society ◦ Science becomes center of intellectual life ◦ West emerges as leader in science W.Europe In 18th c. 4 key intellectual factors helped created the Enlightenment ◦ Popularization of Science ◦ New-found skepticism about religion ◦ Travel literature ◦ Key figures John Locke – Tabula Rasa Isaac Newton – Proved science through math Enlightenment Intellectuals ◦ Originated in France ◦ Met in Salons to share knowledge/debate theories ◦ Goal was to better the world ◦ Viewed world through secular lens ◦ Advocated various levels of revolution to create change ◦ Concerned with rights of individuals & equality ◦ Wanted to understand the nature of man ◦ Were initially met with resistance Results ◦ Produces a set of basic principles Humans are naturally good but can improve through education Reason & logic are key to progress Relying on blind faith is wrong Acquire as much knowledge as possible ◦ Spawned other movements Women’s rights New economic theories (i.e. Capitalism & Communism) Motives for Exploration ◦ After Crusades, developed taste for Asian luxury goods ◦ Needed to circumnavigate Muslim empires ◦ Had a balance of trade problem Means for Exploration ◦ Renaissance encouraged independent spirit ◦ Trade networks & technology improved ◦ Rival nation-states were competing ◦ Atlantic states took lead Old World Origins of man Closer contact through trade & war = more cultural diffusion More advanced in key areas New World ◦ No iron ◦ No wheel ◦ Less advanced writing systems ◦ Use of iron ◦ Writing systems Rigid social structure Value placed on progress Humans arrive later More isolated civilizations = less cultural diffusion Less advanced in key areas Less rigid social structure Value placed on tradition Similarities ◦ Similar pattern of development Nomadic – farming villages – advanced cities ◦ Centered around subsistence farming ◦ Cities centers of culture ◦ Similar religious traditions ◦ Frequent warfare Colony Formation ◦ Latin America Spain & Portugal Goal: extract resources Tribute & ecomienda systems used with natives but fail – resort to importing slaves Spanish colonies ruled through Council of Indies, Viceroys, Catholic Church ◦ North America England & France Goal: extract resources & create permanent settlements Less regulated by ‘mother’ country Columbian Exchange ◦ Exchange of crops, disease, people, technology & ideas between Americas & Afro-Eurasia ◦ Europe benefitted the most from this exchange Core-Periphery-External Model ◦ Increase in commercial trade & technology leads to W. European dominance ◦ Mercantilism becomes driving force Core Society Raw Materials Finished Goods External Society Periphery Society Core-Periphery-External Model ◦ Core W. Europe & Islamic Empires Dominate with favorable balance of trade, superior military & control of trade routes ◦ Periphery Americas, Africa, Eastern Europe, SE Asia Had poor balance of trade, lacked strong centralized governments & militaries, relied on cores for shipping and were exploited for labor & raw materials ◦ External Japan & Australia Isolated by geography or choice, not actively involved in trade patterns OVERVIEW: Slavery was common in Africa prior to European arrival Europeans relied on African princes & merchants to run slave trade Slaves became essential part of Triangle Trade Motivation was economic As enlightenment and industrialization emerged, slavery declined Widespread in Africa ◦ Private ownership of land did not exist – ownership of slaves sign of wealth ◦ Used to create loyal following ◦ Captured as spoils of war Characteristics of African slavery ◦ Slaves inherited, typically owned by merchants & did a variety of jobs ◦ Well developed slave trade routes/markets ◦ Political fragmentation lead to frequent war & desire for European guns Sailed around tip of Africa – came into contact on E. coast Mainly for domestic servitude African kingdoms held trade advantage Aprox. 1000 slaves traded per year Expands due to labor intensive agriculture in New World Coercive labor with Native Americans unsuccessful African slaves were a better fit Aprox. 2000 slaves per year Other nations (ENG, FRA, Dutch) get involved Growth of plantations Price of slaves increased – profitable to get into business Civil wars intensified, increasing need for guns, availability of slaves All Euro nations involved, more African kingdoms No laws prohibiting trade Triangle Trade institutionalized ◦ 6 mil. slaves traded in 18th c. Age of Enlightenment & Revolution raised awareness of equality Humanitarian & Abolition Movements Great Britain takes lead role Industrialization ends need for slavery Origins of the Russian State ◦ Led by Moscow during Mongol Yoke ◦ Ivan III (the Great) unified Russia ◦ Ivan IV (the Terrible) centralized power & expanded Russian territory ◦ Time of Troubles (1604-13) ◦ Romanov Dynasty ruled from 1613 - 1917 Peter the Great Westernizes Russia ◦ Adopted European practices to help Russia “catch up” to the West Western bureaucracy Western military hierarchy & navy Western culture Limited advancement of economy Core Gunpowder Empire Organized, centralized government Steadily (although slowly) expanding economy Contact with West gradually increase after Mongol expulsion Periphery Trade & cultural diffusion was limited Coercive labor system (serfdom) used and led to frequent unrest Primarily rural, agrarian society *However, because Russia was somewhat isolated and was not exploited, could they be considered external? 1st Generation Umayyads, Abbasids, Delhi Sultanate Conquests by Arab nomads Enjoyed monopoly on trade No threat from Europe Both 2nd Generation Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals Conquest with large, land-based army with cannons Competition for trade Europeans catch up Problems with succession Warrior aristocracy dominant in politics Diverse & divided population Valued art, learning & creativity Overview ◦ Turkic Nomads emerge after fall of Mongols ◦ Founder: Osman ◦ Conquered Constantinople: Mehmet II ◦ Ruler during Height: Suleman I (the Magnificent) Characteristics Land & sea military & economic power in Mediterranean Protectors of Islam State geared towards warfare Government with Sultan at top, vizier as chief advisor Challenges Empire too large & diverse Relied too heavily on expansion and warfare Succession problems & corruption Refusal to adopt new innovations ◦ Especially from Europe Overview ◦ Shi’a Dynasty arose from struggles of Turkic groups & rivalred Ottomans ◦ Founder: Sail al-Din ◦ First Shah: Ismail (took city of Tabriz) ◦ Lost Battle of Chaldiran to Ottomans (1514) key moment ◦ Ruler during Height: Abbas the Great Characteristics Warrior aristocracy dominated Women seen as inferior Valued culture and art (esp. architecture) Relied on gunpowder technology against enemies Challenges Problems of succession Shah’s separation from reality/his people Rebellion & outside invasion Limited trade options Overview ◦ Origins date back to Delhi Sultanate ◦ Founder: Babur ◦ Empire Builder: Akbar ◦ Rulers at Height: Jahangir & Shah Jahan ◦ Last Great Ruler: Aurengheb Characteristics Centered in Northern Plain – urban centers After Akbar, empire starts steady decline Alternating periods of tolerance & social progress vs. intolerance & social regression Most rulers focus was on military/cultural achievement (not administration of empire) Challenges Diverse religious population Rulers who were distracted/disintereste d in ruling Large but military was not fully modernized Treasury depleted by war & extravagance European encroachment Overview ◦ Key part of Indian Ocean Trade route ◦ 1st area targeted by Europeans ◦ Portuguese Dutch British ◦ Joint stock trading companies used to indirectly rule over areas ◦ Divide & conquer tactics used Characteristics Rich in natural resources Key choke-point for trade Politically, religiously, culturally diverse Challenges Vulnerable due to lack of unity Heavily targeted due to riches Overview ◦ 1368 – 1644 ◦ Zhu Yuanzhang (Emperor Hongwu) rose from peasant background to lead overthrow of Yuan Distrusted scholar gentry ◦ Strong period of rebirth in China Characteristics Confucianism Returns Military strength emphasized Chinese Age of Exploration under leadership of Zenghe (1405-23) Urban Revival ◦ Rebuilding of Beijing ◦ Forbidden City Challenges Power too centralized Court politics resulted in constant power struggle Crime & rebellion common Foreign threat continued to increase ◦ Europeans & Manchus ◦ Attempt to isolate in mid 1400s Overview ◦ 1644 – 1911 ◦ Manchu Origins (north of traditional Han China) ◦ Opened up trade with Europeans Especially tea with British ◦ Cities grow (Canton) *more detail in next Era Overview ◦ 1603-1850 ◦ 3 Unifiers Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasu ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Capital moved to Edo Great Peace achieved Contact to West opened Isolation Policy adopted Characteristics Great Peace ◦ Feudal wars stopped ◦ Samurai adopt admin. duties Western Influence Challenges ◦ Portuguese introduce firearms ◦ Christian missionaries arrive ◦ Warrior class resistant to change ◦ Merchant class open to change Isolation Policy ◦ Reaction to Westernization ◦ Attempt to maintain culture Remained class based society with little mobility Challenge was to accept modernization while still maintaining traditional culture Geography made isolation policy logical & relatively easy Had gunpowder technology Did not put significant resources into overseas exploration Relatively stable & wealthy Relationship with West & impact was similar Areas of great cultural achievements Women’s status declined Population increased
