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John B. Watson
B. F. Skinner
Benjamin Bloom
Behaviorism
Definition:
 Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable
and measurable aspects of human behavior
 Behaviorists learning theories emphasize changes in
behavior that result from stimulus-response
associations made by the learner
 Behavior is directed by stimuli
 Behaviorists believe that our behavior is determined
by forces in the environment that shape our behavior
John B. Watson
Give me a dozen healthy infants,
well-formed, and my own specified
world to bring them up in and I'll
guarantee to take any one at
random and train him to become
any type of specialist I might select-doctor, lawyer, artist, merchantchief, and, yes, even beggarman and
thief, regardless of his talents,
penchants, tendencies, abilities,
vocations, and race of his
ancestors" –John Watson,
Behaviorism, 1930
John B. Watson
 The principal originator of
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behavioristic psychology
First claimed that human
behavior consisted of specific
stimuli that resulted in certain
responses
1915 – Served as the President
of the American Psychological
Association (APA)
1925 – Published Behaviorism
1928 – Published Psychological
Care of Infant and Child
1957 – Received the APA’s
award for contributions to
psychology
The “Little Albert”
Experiment
 Watson and assistant Rosalie
Rayner conditioned a small child to
fear a white rat
 Accomplished this by repeatedly
pairing the white rat with a loud,
frightening clanging noise
 able to demonstrate that this fear
could be generalized to other white,
furry objects
 The ethics of the experiment are
often criticized today, especially
because the child's fear was never
deconditioned
B. F. Skinner 1904-1990
 1968 - National Medal of
Science from President
Lyndon B. Johnson
 1971 - Gold Medal of the
American Psychological
Foundation
 1972 - Human of the Year
Award
 1990 - Citation for
Outstanding Lifetime
Contribution to Psychology
B. F. Skinner
Operant conditioning:
 Method of learning that
occurs through rewards and
punishments for behavior
 “Shaping and maintaining
behavior by making sure
that reinforcing
consequences follow”
 Believed that internal
thoughts and motivations
could not be used to explain
behavior
Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Key Concepts in Operating
Conditioning
 Reinforcer: any event that strengthens or increases
the behavior it follows
 Positive Reinforcers: favorable events or outcomes
that are presented after the behavior
 Negative Reinforcers: removal of an unfavorable
events or outcome after the display of a behavior
Key Concepts in Operating
Conditioning
 Punishment: presentation of an adverse event or
outcome that causes a decrease in the behavior it
follows
 Positive Punishment:
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referred to as punishment by application
involves the presentation of an unfavorable event or outcome
in order to weaken the response it follows
 Negative Punishment:
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known as punishment by removal
occurs when an favorable event or outcome is removed after a
behavior occurs
REINFORCEMENT
(Behavior
Increases)
POSITIVE
(Something
is added)
NEGATIVE
(Something
is removed)
PUNISHMENT
(Behavior
Decreases)
Positive Reinforcement
Something is added to increase
desired behavior
Ex: Smile and compliment
student on good performance
Positive Punishment
Something is added to
decrease undesired behavior
Ex: Give student detention
for failing to follow the class
rules
Negative Reinforcement
Something is removed to increase
desired behavior
Ex: Give a free homework pass for
turning in all assignments
Negative Punishment
Something is removed to
decrease undesired behavior
Ex: Make student miss their
time in recess for not
following the class rules
Skinner Box
 This illustration illustrates operant conditioning. The
mouse pushes the lever and receives a food reward.
Therefore, he will push the lever repeatedly in order to
get the treat.
Benjamin Bloom
1913-1999
 Joined the Department of Education
at the University of Chicago in 1940
 Attained a PhD in Education in 1942,
during which time he specialized in
examining
 Develop the Learning Taxonomy
model through the 1960's
 Appointed Charles H Swift
Distinguished Service Professor at
Chicago in 1970
Benjamin Bloom Taxonomy
 Cognitive domain: intellectual
capability
 Affective domain: feelings, emotions
and behavior
 Psychomotor domain: manual and
physical skills
Cognitive Learning
 Cognitive learning is
demonstrated by knowledge recall
and the intellectual skills:
comprehending information,
organizing ideas, analyzing and
synthesizing data, applying
knowledge, choosing among
alternatives in problem-solving, and
evaluating ideas or actions.
 Six levels within the cognitive
domain:
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Knowledge
Comprehension
Application
Analysis
Synthesis
Evaluation
Affective Learning
 Affective learning is demonstrated by behaviors
indicating attitudes of :
o Awareness
o Interest
o Attention
o Concern and responsibility
o Ability to listen and respond in interactions with others
o Ability to demonstrate those attitudinal characteristics
or values which are appropriate to the test situation and
the field of study
Psychomotor learning
 Demonstrated by physical skills
o Coordination
o Manipulation
o Grace
o Strength
o Speed
 Actions which demonstrate the fine motor skills such
as use of precision instruments or tools, or actions
which evidence gross motor skills such as the use of
the body in dance or athletic performance
Reference
 “Bloom's taxonomy - learning domains”
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http://www.businessballs.com/bloomstaxonomyoflearningdomains.htm#blo
om's%20taxonomy%20overview. October 10, 2009
“B. F. Skinner Biography (1904-1990)”
http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_skinner.htm.
October 10, 2009
“John Watson Biography”
http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/watson.htm.
October 10, 2009
“Introduction to Operant Conditioning”
http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/introopcond.htm.
October 10, 2009
“What Is Behaviorism?”
http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/f/behaviorism.htm.
October 10, 2009
Reference
 “Behaviorism”
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http://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/index.php?title=Behaviorism#Behavioris
m_Advocates. October 15, 2009
“Little Albert Experiment”
http://www.betterlucktomorrow.com/character_sites/steve/Little%20Alber
t.htm. October 10, 2009
“Benjamin Bloom's Taxonomy of Behavioral Objectives”
http://hs.riverdale.k12.or.us/~dthompso/exhibition/blooms.htm#cognitive.
October 10, 2009
“B.F. Skinner and behaviorism”
http://www.essortment.com/all/skinnerbf_rcde.htm. October 15, 2009
“Hall of Fame - Ivan Pavlov” http://www.psyonline.nl/hof/en-pavlov.htm.
October 15, 2009