Download the-immune-system-review-assignment-answers

Name_____________
Science 8
Date______________
Microorganisms and Immune System Review
Assignment – Test date is ________________
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Please answer on separate piece of paper (point form is fine)
What is a microorganism?
Organism that can only be seen using a microscope
What is a microbe cloud?
Group of microorganisms that live on the human body and are beneficial
What is a probiotic?
A helpful bacteria in the human digestive tract
Complete the following table
Kingdom
Protista
Examples
amoeba and plasmodium
Bacteria
Tetanus and bubonic
plague
Benefits
Part of the food
chain and some
can produce
oxygen
Microbe cloud
and probiotics
Diseases
Amoebic
dysentery and
malaria
Tetanus, bubonic
plague,
salmonella, E.
Coli
AIDS and Ebola
Virus (not a HIV, Ebola Virus
None that we
living thing)
discussed in class
Why are viruses considered to be non-living: they cannot reproduce without a
host cell, do not require energy, do not grow
How do viruses reproduce? – 1. Insert their DNA or RNA into a host cell or trick
the host cell into letting it go inside of the cell. Cell starts to reproduce viral
DNA/RNA and build new virus copies 3. New viral copies erupt out of cell and go
on to infect other host cells
What is an antibiotic? A chemical that kills bacteria cells but not human cells
What are the four methods of transmitting diseases? Direct contact, indirect
contact, through water and food, and through animal bites
For each of the descriptions below describe the type of transmission method that
could have led to contracting an infectious disease.
(a)
You are at a barbeque party and become ill from eating undercooked
meat. Eating undercooked meats would be transmission through water
and food. Cooking normally kills this bacteria in food
(b)
While on a hiking trip your friend is bitten by a small animal. The next day
he becomes ill. Transmitted diseases such as rabies or tetanus. The teeth
penetrate the skin carrying the pathogens with them to deeper tissue
layers
(c)
At a movie, the person behind you seems to be sneezing every five
minutes. A couple of days later you develop a cold. Transmitted the
disease to you by indirect contact. A sneeze combined with air currents
could carry the pathogen up to 5m. You probably breathed in the virus
(d)
At the end of a soccer game, you shake hands with the other team. A few
Name_____________
Science 8
Date______________
days later you become ill. Infected you by direct contact. The pathogen
was transmitted from hand to hand. You may them have transferred the
virus to your nose if you rubbed it, or perhaps to some food that you later
ate
10.
How is sweat part of the immune system? Sweat is slightly acidic and creates an
environment that prevents the growth of some pathogens
1. What is the difference between a pathogen and a phagocyte? A pathogen is a
disease-causing organism or substance. A phagocyte is a white blood cell that
consumes pathogens
2. Describe the process of inflammation. The inflammation response involves the
circulatory system delivering fluid, cells, and dissolved substances to an area once an
infection has been identified. This causes swelling and redness at the site plus an
elevated temperature
3. Explain the difference between an innate response and an acquired response. The
innate immune response is a general defense against a pathogen. The pathogen
does not have to be recognized as a particular disease, only as an invading cell or
chemical, response involves the action of phagocytes. The acquired immune
response is a defense against a particular disease such as chicken pox, the person
mounting this defense must possess cells that recognize the invading pathogen
4. What is an antibody? An antibody is a specific particle carried by B cells that is
designed to fight antigens. Each antibody is specific to a particular antigen
5. What is an antigen? An antigen is a non-living particle of molecule that your body
does not recognize as being part of itself. An antigen could be a molecule on the cell
membrane, a bacteria or an object such as a splinter
6. Summarize the function of a B cell. B cells recognize the antigen and then produce
antibodies to fight against it. The antibodies may coat the pathogen, preventing it
from invading body cells or flag it or consumption by phagocytes
7. Compare a helper T cell with a killer T cell. The helper T cells recognize the antigens
and activate the B cells, while the killer T cells destroy body cells that have been
infected by the pathogen
8. What is active immunity? Active immunity occurs when your body remembers
though memory B cells, the pathogen that has attacked it before, The body can now
fight off the pathogen before you show or feel any symptoms of the infection
Understanding Key Ideas
9. What is the difference between the first and second lines of defense in the immune
system? The first line of defense provides a barrier that prevents the pathogen from
entering the body. The second line of defense is made up of phagocytes or antibody
producing cells that are designed to attack the pathogen once it is already in the
body
10. How does a B cell tell the difference between an invader cell and a body cell? Each
antibody has a specific antigen binding site. Cells in our tissues do not have
molecules that match binding sites. Therefore, B cells will not attack them
11. When you are sick, why does the number of white blood cells in your body increase?
When you suffer from illness, the body produces more white blood cells to fight off
the pathogen
Name_____________
Science 8
Date______________
12. What is the importance of the body keeping memory B cells if the antigen the cells
remember is no longer present? Memory B cells carry a record of the antigen. When
that antigen enters the body again, the memory B cells activate the immune
response. This is called active immunity
13. You go to the doctor feeling very tired and run down. The doctor takes a blood
sample for tests and checks your vital signs such as blood pressure, breathing, and
pulse. Later, you receive a call from your doctor and she says you have an infection.
What did the blood tests reveal about the number of white blood cells present in your
blood? The number of white blood cells increases when your body has been invaded
by a pathogen
14. Using your understanding of how infectious diseases can be transmitted, explain why
schools can have a large number of students absent due to illness at the same time.
In schools there are a number of students in close proximity. One coughing student
can spread a pathogen throughout most of an average-sized classroom. In addition,
students often share food or touch objects that are then handled by other students
15. Where in your body are there bacteria that the immune system does not attack? The
large intestine harbors a number of bacteria that produce useful substances. The
immune system does not attack these bacteria
16. Outline how Mary Montagu discovered a vaccine for smallpox. When Montagu was
travelling through Turkey, she noticed women making a small scratch on their
children’s arms, then adding a small droplet of pus from a patient who had a mild
case of smallpox. This procedure seemed to protect the children from the more
extreme symptoms of the disease
17. Describe the symptoms of an allergic reaction. The symptoms of an allergy can range
from a runny nose to anaphylactic shock
18. What is a vaccine? A vaccine is a special version of an antigen that gives you
immunity against the disease
19. Where does the word “vaccine” come from? The word “vaccine” is derived from the
Latin word vacca which means cow
20. Why does a vaccine have to be a specially prepared version of a disease pathogen?
The vaccine should provide immunity without giving the recipient the major
symptoms of the disease. Therefore, most modern vaccines are based on antigens
that are found on the surface of the virus and do not include the virus’s genetic
material. Older vaccines used weaker variants of the pathogen that sometimes
resulted in the patient coming down with a weaker version of the disease. Both
forms of vaccines have to be specially prepared
21. What is a vaccine’s booster shot? Booster shots are given to prolong immunity
22. What is the effect of an antihistamine? Antihistamines reduce the symptoms caused
by histamines. These symptoms include runny nose and watery eyes
23. Describe how an allergy is different from an allergen. An allergy is an unusually high
sensitivity to some substance. An allergen is any substance that causes an allergic
reaction
24. What is an adrenaline auto-injector (EPI pen) and how is it used? Some individuals
can go into anaphylactic shock when exposed to a particular allergen. Adrenaline can
counter the body’s response to the allergen, preventing anaphylactic shock. The
auto-injector is usually used on the thigh and automatically injects adrenaline
25. Explain the difference between AIDS and HIV? HIV is the virus that attacks the
immune system by infecting helper T cells. Since the immune system is
compromised, infected individuals are susceptible to a variety of secondary
Name_____________
Science 8
Date______________
infections. Once the immune system has been compromised, the individual is said to
have AIDS. HIV is the cause of AIDS
26. For each of the seven things you can do to protect your immune system, describe
one specific action you could take. Eat a well-balanced diet. Wash your hands
frequently. Keep your home clean. You could increase your daily intake of vegetables
while reducing the amount of fast food that you eat. Wash your hands for at least 20
seconds to ensure that they are clean. Wash your hands before eating. Vacuum your
house frequently. Washing surfaces in the washroom with disinfectants more often.
Avoid second-hand smoke by avoiding areas where people are likely to smoke. Ask
people around you not to smoke if you have to work in that area
27. Why was observing an important skill for Edward Jenner to have? If Jenner had not
observed that people who milked cows seemed to be immune to smallpox, he would
never have seen the connection between smallpox and cowpox
28. For each set of terms below, explain the relationship that exists between the terms.
(a)
Montagu, Jenner Jenner and Montagu both observed that by infecting
people with less virulent variants of smallpox, they could protect them
against the deadly disease
(b)
vaccine, antigen A vaccine is a special form of the antigen that allows your
immune system to develop resistance to the disease
(c)
allergy, allergen An allergy is an immune response an individual has to a
substance called an allergen. The allergen does not stimulate the immune
system of most people
(d)
AIDS, HIV HIV is the virus that results in AIDS. The virus attacks helper T
cells, seriously compromising the immune system
29. If vaccines stimulate the production of antibodies to defeat antigens, why do some
vaccines need a booster shot? Vaccines will result in the production of memory B
cells. These cells may have a limited life span in your body. A booster shot would
cause more of these memory B cells to be produced and extend your immunity to
the disease
30. People infected with HIV may die from other causes. Why? HIV invades helper T
cells. Helper T cells activate B cells that produce infection fighting antibodies.
Without helper T cells, the defense offered by the B cells is seriously compromised.
Pathogens normally attacked by antibodies can now infect AIDS patients with little
interference
31. How is HIV transmitted? HIV can be transmitted by blood or semen. Typical
behaviours resulting in infection are having unprotected sex with an infected
individual or sharing needles with an infected person