Download Specialized Cells Notes

Name:__________________________________________
A. Specialized cells
The human body is made of many specialized cells that perform specific functions.
Specialized cells arise from the differentiation of unspecialized cells during
embryological development. Unspecialized cells are called STEM cells that have
the ability to reproduce and differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cells
that make up the organism. This is determined by the DNA, which holds the
genetic code and controls what a cell turns into.
Learning check:
1. What are stem cells?
2. What makes stem cells special?
3. What are some of the types of cells that stem cells can differentiate into?
Unlike animals, many plant cells retain the ability
to differentiate and specialize throughout their life.
These cells are found in tissues called meristems
located in tips of roots and stems. Meristem cells
can become parts of stems, leaves, roots, and
flowers.
Learning check:
What type of plant cell is able to differentiate into other cell types?
Period:_________
Name:__________________________________________
Period:_________
Types of animal and plant specialized cells
Image
Type of Cell
B
red blood cell
Found in
Function
Blood
Contains hemoglobin, a red pigment
(protein) that carries oxygen. Carries oxygen
from the lungs to the cells in the body and
carbon dioxide from the cells back to the
lungs to be exhaled.
Does not have a nucleus, so there is more
space to carry oxygen.
Protect the body against (fight) infectious
diseases and foreign invaders.
White Blood
Cell (WBC) –
also called
leukocytes
Blood
Muscle cell
Heart
Skeletal
muscles
Stomach
Long and stretchy
Arranged in bundles called muscle fibers.
Can contract witch makes the fibers shorter
and cause bones to move.
Neuron (Nerve
cell)
Brain
Communication - carry nerve impulses
around the body – to and from the brain.
Receive, process and transmit information.
Nerve impulse is an electrical message
(signal).
Epithelial cell
(Epithelium)
Ex. Cheek cells
in a mouth
Intestine
Lungs
Skin
Cover and protect surfaces inside and
outside the body. Protect from mechanical
injuries, harmful chemicals, loss of water:
skin
Lining for most internal cavities such as
lining of small intestine and lungs.
Absorption of nutrients from digestion of
food: lining of small intestine
Root Hair cell
Plant
roots
The root hair increases the root’s
surface area so as to absorb more water
and minerals from the soil.
Name:__________________________________________
Leaf cell
(Palisade
cell)
In the top
of a plant
leaf
Xylem vessel
Make up
the
vascular
tissue of
stems in
plants.
Phloem
vessel
Period:_________
Contain lots of chloroplasts to maximize
photosynthesis – need chloroplasts to
absorb light and make food during
photosynthesis
Xylem:
Transports water/minerals up the stem
from soil.
Dead cells.
Phloem:
Transport food (sugar made in
photosynthesis) down the roots and
rest of plant (up and down).
Living cells.
Learning check:
1.
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9.
What is the purpose of hemoglobin? ______________________________________________________________
What category of biomolecules hemoglobin belongs to? ______________________________________________
What is the function red blood cell? ______________________________________________________________
What is the function of white blood cell? __________________________________________________________
Muscles can move bones. How? _________________________________________________________________
When muscle fibers “contract”, what does it mean? ________________________________________________
What is the function of a neuron? _______________________________________________________________
What is a nerve impulse? ______________________________________________________________________
These cells cover and protect surfaces inside and outside the body. These cells provide lining for most internal
cavities. Which type of cell is being described? _____________________________________________________
10. Do plants have epithelial cells? __________________________________________________________________
11. How do plants benefit from having root hairs? ______________________________________________________
12. Where is a leaf most of the chloroplasts located? ____________________________________________________
13. How do plants benefit from having most of the chloroplasts in the top layer of the leaf? ____________________
14. What are the two types of vascular tissue? _________________________________________________________
15. What is the function of a xylem? _________________________________________________________________
16. What is the function of a phloem? ________________________________________________________________