Download The Earth and Its Peoples: Chapter 9 – Christian Europe Emerges

The Earth and Its Peoples: Chapter 9 – Christian Europe Emerges
The Crusades Outline
1095 – 1270 CE – 1st thru 7th Crusades
I. Roots of the Crusades
 “Truce of God” – reform-minded church leaders standardized continent-wide truces between
Christian lords, limiting prolonged fighting
 Norman Christians/European nobles’ younger sons desired new lands to conquer and titles to
maintain their status
 Italian city-states wanted to increase Mediterranean trade and establish trading posts in Muslim
lands
 Pope’s political struggle with kings also a factor, as church constantly seeking ways to
demonstrate authority over Europe
II. Conflict Spurs Action
 Pilgrimages – western Europeans travelled under royal protection to cities like Rome &
Constantinople, but also on to Holy Land to Jerusalem & Antioch
 Reconquista – Spanish knights’ efforts in Spain to oust Muslim Umayyad caliphates’ from their
territory and return them to Christianity
(inspired by Norman conquest of Sicily & Umayyad breakup into provinces in al-Andalus)
 1071 CE – Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantines at Battle of Manzikert
 Muslim nomads flood Anatolia, endangering pilgrimage routes and ending Byzantine influence
 Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus appeals to pope & western Europe for help in reclaiming
Holy Land & lost Byzantine territory
 1095 CE – Pope Urban II orders 1st Crusade at Council of Clermont in France.
 Crowd inspired by motto “God Wills It!”, emblazons crosses on clothing, lords mobilize and
outfit their vassals, and pope forgives all crusaders for sins for their efforts on Crusades
III. The Crusades
A. 1st Crusade
 1st Crusade captures Jerusalem in 1099 CE
 4 Christian kingdoms carved out of coastline, named Outremer
fill in details of Crusades here………….
IV. Impact of Crusades
 Exposure to Muslim culture in Spain, Sicily, & Holy Land shows crusaders what their lives’ lack
 Europeans learn: pasta, paper, refined sugar, colored glass, other imports
 European thought stimulated by Arab/Iranian works as well as their translations of Greek works
 Eleanor of Aquitaine attains legend status for accompanying husband Louis VII of France on
2nd Crusade & later giving birth (when wed to Henry II of England) to crusader sons Richard the
Lionheart and John