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Bio102: Introduction to Cell Biology and Genetics Aerobic Respiration Key Terms: Metabolic pathway ATP, ADP Carbohydrates Oxidation Reaction Reduction Reaction Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Oxidative Phosphorylation Co-enzyme NAD+ and NADH FAD and FADH2 Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA ATP Synthase Key Concepts: Metabolism is a series of energy transfers. Follow the movement of Energy through different molecules. Follow the movement of Carbon atoms. Lecture Outline: Metabolic pathway = sequence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that accomplish a specific purpose oxidation and reduction reactions other short-term energy storage molecules include NADH and FADH2 Overview of Aerobic Respiration: 1. Glycolysis glucose pyruvate 2. Citric Acid Cycle pyruvate CO2 and reduced coenzymes 3. Electron Transport red. coenzymes are re-ox.; e- passed to O2; H+ gradient 4. Chemiosmosis H+ gradient drives ATP synthesis Glycolysis is universal, anaerobic and cytosolic 2 ATP in; 4 ATP out & 2 reduced coenzymes glucose (six carbons, C6) 2 moleucles of pyruvate (three carbons, C3) Citric Acid Cycle, in the mitochondria Pyruvate crosses into mitochondrial matrix and is converted to acetyl-CoA in a Transition Step Metabolic pathway that is arranged as a cycle entry of a C2 to change a C4 to a C6 two oxidative decarboxylations (CO2 released each time) four oxidations (three with NAD+, one with FAD) one 'direct' generation of ATP (via GTP) Electron Transport Purpose is to generate a proton (H+) gradient and re-oxidize the reduced coenzymes inner mitochondrial membrane (or the plasma membrane in prokaryotes) energy is released as electrons are passed, some of that energy is captured protons are pumped across the membrane, from inside to outside proton gradient has been created: high concentration of protons outside, low inside this is an effective form of storing energy Chemiosmosis harvest energy out of proton gradient and make (lots) of ATP enzyme is ATP Synthase yield: 3 ATP per NADH or 2 ATP per FADH2 Oxidative Phosphorylation = Electron Transport + Chemiosmosis