Download midyear outline BioAP

Biology 12 AP: Term Two Exam Outline
The following information is a checklist to help you study/prepare for the upcoming
midyear .
Chapter 2: pages 23-36
The Chemical Context of Life (Elements, Atoms, Molecules and Compounds)
I can define matter, and provide examples
I can explain the different between an element and a compound, and provide an
example of each.
I know the difference between an atom and an ion
I know how to draw Bohr models for BOTH atoms and ions
I can explain why a certain atom would become an anion or a cation
I can identify ionic and covalent compounds, and I can explain the difference
between the two different types of bonds
I understand oxidation and reduction reactions, and can explain how they work
I can list the FIVE essential elements that make up the vast majority of our body
I can explain what a trace element is and provide an example
Chapter 3: Pages 37-47
Water and the Fitness of the Environment
I can clearly explain a hydrogen bonding
I understand the difference between cohesion and adhesion
I can explain why cohesion and adhesion are important in biological systems
I can explain why water is an exception to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, and why
this is so important for life in bodies of water.
I know when water is most dense, and explain this phenomenon
I can explain the importance and reasoning why water is a universal solvent (i.e.
polar molecule vs. non-polar)
I can explain what would happen if water did not have a high specific heat/heat of
vaporization
I can explain why the number of hydrogen bonds is crucial for controlling water’s
change in temperature
I can compare and contrast the terms hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Acidic and Basic Solutions:
I can compare and contrast acids and bases
I can give examples of strong/weak acids and bases
I can discuss how acids and bases compare with respect to the number of H+ ions
are present
I know the difference between a pH value of 3 compared to a pH value of 13
I know two different methods of testing solutions to determine if they are acids or
bases (think back to the lab)
I can explain how buffers work
I can describe the significance of pH and buffers in biological systems and can give
two clear examples
Chapter 4: Pages 48-57
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
I can explain organic chemistry and its importance
I can explain what a functional group is
I can identify the different types of functional groups
Chapter 5: Pages 58-81
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
Demonstrate a knowledge of condensation synthesis (also known as dehydration
synthesis) and hydrolysis as applied to organic monomers and polymers
differentiate among carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids with respect to chemical structure (monomers and polymers)
recognize the following molecules in structural diagrams:
– adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
– deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
– ribonucleic acid (RNA)
– disaccharide
– glucose
– glycerol
– monosaccharide
- fatty acid
– phospholipids
– polysaccharide (starch, glycogen, and cellulose)
– saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
- steroids
- amino acids
- different levels of proteins
recognize the empirical formula of a monosaccharide as CnH2nOn
list the main functions of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic acids
differentiate among monosaccharides (e.g., glucose),
disaccharides (e.g., maltose), and polysaccharides
differentiate among starch, cellulose, and glycogen with respect to
– function
– type of bonding
- level of branching
 differentiate among the four different levels of proteins with respect to type of
bonding
describe the location, structure, and function of the following in
the human body:
– steroids (cholesterol, estrogen and testosterone)
- Phospholipids
 If we were testing an unknown substance, how could you set up an experiment that
would test for starch, proteins and sugars? How could you conclude what organic
molecules the unknown substance contained?
 Indicate how we would break down proteins into peptides and explain what a positive and
negative test result would look like.
 Indicate how we would break down starch and explain what a positive and negative test
result would look like
 Explain what enzymes are important for breaking down organic molecules.
Chapter 7: Pages 102-129
A Tour of the Cell
I can identify all organelles in both plant and animal cells
I can explain the function of all organelles in plant and animal cells
I can compare the cell wall of plants to that of bacteria
I can distinguish between prokartyotic cells and eukaryotic cells
I can explain the Endosymbionant Hypothesis
Chapter 8: Pages 130-146
Membrane Structure and Function
I can explain the membrane structure
I can define the term amphipathic and relate it to the fluid mosaic model
I know the importance of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates in the fluid mosaic
model
I can recognize diagrams and microscopic images of the fluid mosaic model
 The Permeability of the Plasma Membrane
I can explain the term selectively permeability and how it relates to movement of
molecules across the membrane
I understand the term concentration gradient
 Diffusion and Osmosis (pages 73-75)
I can explain the process of diffusion and osmosis
I can draw and explain diagrams that represent diffusion and osmosis
I can distinguish between hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions
I can draw and explain diagrams that represent hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic
situations
I can explain what would happen if an animal cell and/or a plant cell was placed in
different solutions
 Transport by Carrier Proteins (pages 76-77)
I can explain the difference between active and passive transport
I know the role of carrier proteins and when they are used to transport molecules
I can compare and contrast facilitated diffusion and active transport
 Exocytosis and Endocytosis (pages 78-79)
I can compare and contrast exocytosis and endocytosis
I can draw, label and recognize diagrams that depict exocytosis and endocytosis
I can explain the two processes involved in endocytosis:
pinocytosis and phagocytosis
Chapter 12: Pages 206-223
The Cell Cycle
I can explain how the cell cycle breaks down into different process
I can distinguish between interphase and cell division
I can explain the processes that occur during interphase
I can explain the processes involved throughout the mitotic cycle (G phase, S phase, etc)
I can draw diagrams and recognize diagrams involved in the cell cycle
I can explain terms such as: genome, somatic cells, gametes, kinetochore, cleavage, cell
plate
I can explain the difference between chromatin, chromosomes, sister chromatids and
centromere
I can describe the process of cytokinesis
I can compare and contrast between animal cells and plant cells with respect to mitosis and
cytokinesis
I can explain how the cell cycle is regulated (checkpoints, cyclin, internal and external cues)
I can explain the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor
I can explain the term metastasis
Chapter 13: Pages 226-238
Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
I can describe asexual reproduction
I can explain the following terms: somatic cell, karotype, homologous chromosomes, sex
chromosomes, autosomes, diploid and haploid
I know that diploid represents 2n, and contains the full set of chromosomes as the parent
cell
I know that haploid represents n, and contains half the number of chromosomes as the
parent cell (Production of gametes= meiosis)
I can explain the process of meiosis
I can describe the process of crossing over (synapsis and chiasmata)
Chapter 14: Pages 239-260
Mendel and the Gene Idea
I can explain the contributions that Mendel made to Genetics and biology
I know the difference between a character and a trait
I can explain the different types of hybridization: mono vs. dihybrid cross
I can explain the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment
I can follow and create a punnett square and interpret the results
I can compare and contrast the following terms: recessive and dominant, homozygous and
heterozygous, phenotype and genotype, incomplete, codominance and complete dominance
I can explain when a test cross would be used
I can explain the following relationships: multiple alleles, pleiotropy, epistasis, polygenic
inheritance, nature vs nurture
I can interpret pedigrees (importance of shades, shapes, carriers)
I can explain a few details on cystic fibrosis, tay-sachs disease, sickle cell anemia and
Huntington’s disease
I can compare and contrast between autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant
disorders
Chapter 16: Pages 278-293
The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
I can name the scientists involved in discovering DNA
I can explain/recognize/draw the model of DNA
I know the nitrogenous bases and their complimentary bases
I can explain the difference between purines and pyrimidines
I can explain the importance of DNA replication
I can describe in detail the process of DNA replication (enzymes, location)
Chapter 17: Pages 294-318
From Gene to Protein
I provide 10 examples of proteins in our body
I can explain the genetic code
I can compare and contrast DNA and RNA
I can describe the process of transcription (location, how and when)
I can describe the process of translation (location, how and when: initiation, elongation
and termination)
I can compare and contrast among the different types of RNA
I can describe the difference between a primary and a mature mRNA strand (RNA
splicing/ribozymes)
I know the importance of ribozymes during RNA splicing
I can explain the differences between a codon and an anticodon
I can read the mRNA strand (figure 17.4)
I can compare and contrast protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
I can explain the different types of point mutations (substitutions, frameshift,
insertion/deletion)
I can explain what happens if a cell encounters a point mutation
Read to memorize and you will forget, study to understand and you will remember.