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Powerful ruling family from Florence Known for presiding over the Italian Renaissance Rose to power through Cosimo de Medici Height of power with Lorenzo the Magnificent Bank of the Roman Catholic Church Advocates and patrons of the arts Artists including Donatello, Botticelli, Michelangelo c. 1340-1400 British writer The Canterbury Tales Troilus and Criseyde used English when most works were in Latin Buried in Westminster Abbey 1564-1616 “The Bard of Avon” English poet and playwright Famous worker of The Globe works are the second most read in the world 154 Sonnets Romeo & Juliet Hamlet Julius Caesar Italian family of Spanish descent prominent in religious and political affairs Two popes, many political/church leaders, one saint Known for treachery, corruption, murder Four most-famous Alfonso de Borgia (1378-1458): established influence in Italy; Pope Calixtus III in 1455 Rodrigo Borgia: cardinal of Roman Catholic church, then Pope Alexander VI; fathered children with mistress Cesare Borgia (1475/76-1507): politician; tried to establish a secular kingdom in central Italy Lucrezia Borgia (1480-1519): patron of the arts; skillful at political intrigue 1469-1527 Italian philosopher, politician, writer The Prince (1513) Guide to the exercise of raw political power over a Renaissance principality Character or skill of leader that determines success of a state Various ways of acquiring and maintaining state Success by any means. The end justifies the means. The Art of War (1520) Procedures for the acquisition, maintenance, and use of a military force 1492-1549 Marguerite d’Angoulême, Queen of Navarre published author Heptameron based on Boccaccio’s Decameron collaborated with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V for the safe release and return of her brother, the King of France grandmother of Henry IV encouraged church reform 1483-1546 German theologian, professor, pastor, church reformer Inspired the Protestant Reformation with publication of 95 Theses Attacked Church’s sale of indulgences Remission of temporal punishment due for sins that have already been forgiven Advocated theology that rested on God’s grace rather than in human works complete translation of Bible into German excommunicated by Pope Leo X 1473-1543 Polish astronomer The Sun, not the Earth, is at the centre of the universe. Earth rotates daily on its axis; revolves yearly around the sun. Planets circle the sun. De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) seen as initiator of the Scientific Revolution 1452-1519 Italian Renaissance artist, sculptor, engineer, scientist, inventor wrote and drew on geology, anatomy, flight, gravity, optics, and many more wrote in left-handed mirror script “invented” the bicycle, airplane, helicopter, parachute La Gioconda The Last Supper The Madonna of the Rocks The Vitruvian Man 1483-1520 Italian Renaissance painter, architect, designer Celebrated for grace and serenity Frequently commissioned by Pope Julius II and Pope Leo X The Stanza della Segnatura fresco in Vatican palace Sistine Chapel tapestries many Madonnas 1480-1521 Portuguese explorer first European to cross the Pacific Ocean Commander of the expedition that was first to sail around the world Out of 250 men, only 18 survived Killed in battle between rival Filipino groups; did not see the end of his trip 1377-1446 Italian goldsmith, sculptor, clock maker, architect Lost competition for commission of the new Baptistery doors to Lorenzo Ghiberti received commission to execute dome of unfinished Santa Maria del Fiore Used no centering Two domes in one Pioneer in perspective 1475-1564 Italian painter, sculptor, architect, poet Close to the Medici family David Commission by Church for the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel The Creation of Man 1383-1466 Florentine sculptor Goldsmith apprentice of Lorenzo Ghiberti Accompanied Brunelleschi to Rome Deep understanding of classical art David St. John the Baptist 1304-1374 “Father of Humanism” Wrote hundreds of poem to Laura Canzoniere Poet laureate of Rome Epistolae metricae Developed idea of laurel symbol Poetic and literary immortality Inventor of Petrarchan sonnet works as basis for modern Italian 1509-1564 French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation developed Calvinism Total depravity Unconditional election Limited atonement Irresistible grace Perseverance of the saints Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) Introductory textbook on the Protestant faith God’s total sovereignty Attacked the teachings of the unorthodox, particularly Roman Catholicism ca. 1400-1468 Invented the printing press with replaceable/movable wooden or metal letters Fostered rapid development in science, arts, and religion through transmission of texts Gutenberg Bible First book to be published in volume