Download Timeline of Events

ARTICLE
Timeline of Events
Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library
Ed. Julie L. Carnagie, Peggy Saari, and Aaron Saari. Vol. 1: Vol.1: Almanac. Detroit: UXL, 2002. pxv-xxvi.
COPYRIGHT 2002 U*X*L, COPYRIGHT 2006 Gale
Timeline of Events
123
3
129
1
130
0
130
Pope Gregory IX establishes the medieval Inquisition.
The Crusades end when the Muslims defeat the Christians.
Pope Boniface issues Unam Sanctam, declaring all people to be subjects of the pope
The Papacy is moved to Avignon, France, beginning the Babylonian Captivity.
5
132
7
133
7
134
7–
50
137
6
137
8
139
6
140
2
141
4
141
5
c.
1417
Italian poet Petrarch begins writing Canzoniere, a series of love lyrics in which he departs from the m
of seeing a woman as a spiritual symbol and depicts Laura as a real person.
France and England begin the Hundred Years' War over control of the French thron
The Black Death, or bubonic plague, sweeps Europe.
The Babylonian Captivity ends with the return of the papacy to Rome.
The Great Schism in the Roman Catholic Church begins with the election of Pope Urban
Greek scholar Manuel Chrysoloras comes to Florence, Italy, to teach Greek.
Mongol warrior Timur Lenk (Tamerlane) conquers the Ottoman Empire.
The Council of Constance is convened to discuss problems within the Roman Catholic Ch
Czechoslovakian priest Jan Hus is executed by the Council of Constance because of his criticism of th
Italian architect Filippo Brunelleschi invents linear perspective, a system derived from math
Page xvii | Top of Article
which all elements of a composition are measured and arranged from a single point of view, or p
14
18
14
20
14
20
14
21
14
23
14
40
14
50
14
51
14
The Council of Constance ends the Great Schism.
Florentine artist Massaccio is the first to use linear perspective in painting.
Filippo Brunelleschi begins work on the dome of the Florence Cathedral.
Sultan Mehmed II restores the Ottoman Empire.
Italian educator Vittorino da Feltre establishes a humanist school.
Italian scholar Lorenzo Valla questions the legitimacy of the pope.
Francesco I Sforza starts an eighty-year dynasty in Milan.
Italian scholar Isotta Nogarola writes "On the Equal and Unequal Sin of Eve and Adam," which is consid
of feminist writing.
Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks.
53
14
54
14
55
14
58
14
61
German printer Johannes Gutenberg perfects movable type.
The houses of York and Lancaster begin the War of the Roses in England.
Margaret of Navarre's Heptaméron is published and becomes an important work of the Renaiss
Wanting to be separate from the continents of Asia and Africa, and thus the Muslims, Pope Pius II intr
Europe as separate continent.
Page xviii | Top of Article
146
9
147
4
148
5
149
0s
149
2
149
2
149
4
149
4
149
4
149
5
149
5
149
7
Italian merchant Lorenzo de' Medici takes control of Florence and becomes famous for his contribu
artists.
Catholic monarchs Ferdinand II and Isabella I begin the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Christianity as
Spain.
The War of Roses ends and the Tudor dynasty begins in England
German artist Albrecht Dürer raises woodcut to the level of high art.
Ferdinand II and Isabella I issue the Edict of Expulsion, ordering all Jews to leave Spa
Italian navigator Christopher Columbus makes his first voyage to the New World.
Pope Alexander VI issues the Treaty of Tordesillas that gives Portugal authority over Br
Italian preacher Girolamo Savonarola influences a new pro-French government in Flore
King Charles VIII of France invades Italy, initiating the Italian Wars with Spain.
Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci begins The Last Supper, in which he experimented with oil-based p
easily blended.
Alexander VI organizes the Holy League, an alliance between the Papal States, the Holy Roman Emp
and Milan against France.
Italian navigator John Cabot begins his search for the Northwest Passage, a water route to th
Page xix | Top of Article
14
98
14
98
14
98
c.
15
00
c.
15
00
15
03
151
1
151
2
151
Girolamo Savonarola is executed for heresy, or the violation of church laws.
Italian sculptor Michelangelo starts the Pietà, his first important commission.
Albrecht Dürer introduces humanism, a human-centered intellectual movement based on the revival o
into northern European art.
The Querelle des femmes movement begins. It refers to the literary debate over the nature and sta
Germany replaces Italy as the center of European banking.
Leonardo begins work on the Mona Lisa, one of the most famous portraits in the Western
Italian artist Raphael paints School of Athens, considered to be one of his greatest achievem
Michelangelo completes the decoration of the Sistine Chapel ceiling at the Vatican in Ro
Italian diplomat Niccolò Machiavelli writes The Prince, in which he proclaimed his controversial poli
3
151
6
151
6
Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus publishes Praise of Folly, a satire of the Roman Catholic Church a
same year Erasmus published his translation of the New Testament of the Bible, the first publishe
English humanist Thomas More publishes his greatest work Utopia. Modeled on Plato's Republic, Ut
imaginary land that is free of grand displays of wealth, greed, and violence.
Page xx | Top of Article
1517
151
9
German priest Martin Luther posts his Ninety-Five Theses, initiating the Protestant Refor
King Charles I of Spain is elected Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, leading to the spread of the Spanis
Spain to include the kingdoms of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, Naples, and Sicily. The empire also e
west to include possessions in North Africa and the Americas.
152
0
152
0s
152
0
152
1
152
1
152
3
152
4–
26
152
5
152
6
152
7
King Francis I of France and King Henry VIII of England meet at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in orde
against Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
Swiss-born physician Theophrastus Paracelsus pioneers the use of chemicals to treat dis
Paris collèges adopt classical Latin and Greek studies.
At the Diet of Worms, Charles V declares Martin Luther an "outlaw of the church."
The Ottoman Empire begins to reach it height when the sultan Süleyman I defeats Hungary in the B
Swiss priest Huldrych Zwingli issues "Sixty-Seven Articles," or proposed reforms, which become t
Reformation in Switzerland.
The German Peasants' Revolt challenges the rule of Catholic noblemen.
French king Francis I is captured by the Spanish at the Battle of Pavia.
The Diet of Speyer permits German princes to determine which religion is practiced in their
Armies of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sack Rome.
Page xxi | Top of Article
15
27
15
28
15
34
15
34
15
35
15
36
15
36
15
40
15
43
King Gustav I Vasa begins establishing Lutheranism in Sweden.
French diplomat Baldassare Castiglione publishes Book of the Courtier. The book is an immediate suc
becomes a guide to etiquette for both the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy in Europe.
King Henry VIII is declared supreme head of the Church of England, completing the break between
Roman Catholic Church.
French author François Rabelais begins publishing his most popular work, Gargantua and Pa
Thomas More is beheaded by Henry VIII after refusing to acknowledge the Act of Supremacy that mad
head of the Church of England.
French-born Protestant reformer John Calvin writes the first edition of Institutes of the Christian Relig
his beliefs and gains him attention as an important religious leader.
Ottoman sultan Süleyman I forms an alliance with France.
Spanish priest Ignatius of Loyola founds the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). His Jesuit order eventually beco
powerful weapon of the Catholic Reformation.
On the Revolution of Celestial Spheres by Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus is published. The bo
information about the orbits of the planets and begins a revolution in human thought by serving as th
modern astronomy.
Page xxii | Top of Article
154
3
154
5
154
7
154
7
154
8
Belgian anatomist Andreas Vesalius publishes On the Fabric of the Human Body, one of the most impo
to human anatomy.
Pope Paul III convenes the Council of Trent, a meeting to discuss reforming the Roman Catholic Chu
Michelangelo directs construction of the new Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Charles V defeats German Protestant princes at the Battle of Mühlberg. Charles hopes his victory will
Protestantism throughout the Holy Roman Empire.
Ignatius of Loyola publishes Spiritual Exercises. This short but influential book outlines a thirty-d
systematic plan, of prayer and acts of self-denial and punishment, with the understanding that devoti
central.
155
0s
155
0s
155
3
155
5
155
5
Italian architect Andrea Palladio popularizes the villa.
Italian composer Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina creates the oratorio, a lengthy religious choral wo
recitatives, arias, and choruses without action or scenery.
Queen Mary I restores Catholicism in England and begins persecuting Protestants after ascending to t
John Calvin organizes an evangelical government in Geneva, Switzerland.
French astrologer Nostradamus begins publishing Centuries, his best-selling book of pred
Page xxiii | Top of Article
155
5
155
6
155
8
155
9
156
0
156
0s
156
2
156
2
156
3
Italian artist Sofonisba Anguissola paints The Chess Game. This painting is meant to demonstrate fem
intellectual game.
Charles V abdicates the throne after building one of the largest empires in history.
Elizabeth I begins her forty-five-year reign as queen of England and Ireland.
The Italian Wars end with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis.
Catherine de Médicis is named regent of France after the death of her husband King Hen
King Philip II of Spain begins building the Escorial, an enormous complex of buildings north
The French Wars of Religion begin.
Teresa de Ávila founds the Reformed Discalced Carmelite Order.
The Council of Trent adjourns and issues Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, a statement tha
doctrine, or religious rules, but shows more tolerance of opposition.
156
3
156
6
156
7
157
0
German artist Pieter Bruegel paints Tower of Babel, one of his most famous works.
Revolt against Spanish rule begins in the Netherlands.
Philip II introduces the Spanish Inquisition in the Netherlands.
Flemish mapmaker Abraham Ortel publishes the first world atlas.
Page xxiv | Top of Article
1571
The European Christian alliance defeats the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto, ending Ottoma
1572
1572
158
0
158
0–
164
0
158
2
1587
158
8
159
2
1595
160
5
160
6
Mediterranean Sea.
Catholics kill Huguenots in the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre in Paris.
Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe introduces the term "nova" for an exploding star.
French author Michel de Montaigne publishes Essays. The work created a new literary genre (form),
he used self-portrayal as a mirror of humanity in general.
Witchcraft trials reach peak in Europe.
Pope Gregory XIII issues the Gregorian calendar.
Elizabeth I orders the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots after a conspiracy to assassinate Elizabet
Spanish Armada is defeated by the English fleet, marking the high point of Elizabeth's r
English playwright William Shakespeare begins his career in London.
The Edict of Nantes grants religious and civil liberties to Huguenots.
Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes publishes the first part of Don Quixote, one of the great maste
literature.
Foremost English playwright Ben Jonson's dramatic genius is fully revealed for the first time in Volp
satiric comedy that contains the playwright's harshest and most unrelenting criticism of hu
Page xxv | Top of Article
16
07
16
09
16
09
16
09
16
10
16
11
16
11
16
14
16
16
Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi publishes his first opera, La favola d'Orfeo.
English scientist Thomas Harriot makes the first recorded use of the telescope.
German astronomer Johannes Kepler publishes his first two laws of planetary motion.
Philip II begins expelling Moriscos (Jews) from Spain.
Italian astronomer Galileo publishes The Starry Messenger.
The Life of Teresa of Jesus is published.
King James I of England approves a new English translation of the Bible.
Scottish mathematician John Napier discovers logarithms.
Galileo is ordered to cease promoting new science.
16
16
16
18
16
18
16
20
16
21
16
24
Italian painter Artemisia Gentileschi becomes the first woman to be admitted to the Florentine Academ
Art.
Johannes Kepler publishes his third law of planetary motion.
Thirty Years' War begins; it becomes the first armed conflict involving all major world powers.
English philosopher Francis Bacon publishes New Method.
English mathematician William Oughtred makes the first slide rule.
Peter Paul Rubens paints his famous Self-portrait.
Page xxvi | Top of Article
162
8
163
0s
164
2
164
8
164
8
165
1
166
6
English anatomist William Harvey announces the discovery of the circulatory system
French noblewoman Madame de Rambouillet presides over one of the first salons.
English Civil War begins.
Thirty Years' War ends with the Peace of Westphalia.
English Civil War ends.
Leonardo's Treatise on Painting is published.
Margaret Cavendish publishes The Description of a New World Called the Blazing World, considered
works of science fiction.
Source Citation (MLA 7th Edition)
"Timeline of Events." Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Ed. Julie L. Carnagie,
Peggy Saari, and Aaron Saari. Vol. 1: Vol.1: Almanac. Detroit: UXL, 2002. xv-xxvi. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 June 2014.
Document URL
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3426300008&v=2.1&u=oreg02263&it=r&
p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=5ea3c04d041d773c1bfc4adcc55be325
Gale Document Number: GALE|CX3426300008