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Chemistry for Biotech everything you need to know (for now) biochemistry • Atoms—we don’t usually work with individual atoms • Molecules—small and usually inorganic; includes water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and sodium chloride (NaCl). – Most of the molecules we’ll talk about are much larger—a dozen to billions of atoms in size molecules • Water – Important because about 75% of the mass of a cell is water – Amount of water in the cell determines the concentrations of other substances – The medium in which the cell exists Organic chemistry • CARBON!!! – Covalent bonds – Single, double, triple bonds with itself – Can form chains and rings – Nearly infinite numbers of combinations • Lots of functional groups macromolecules • Tend to be polymers –Poly = _____; mer = _____ • Made up of smaller units called monomers –Mono = _____; mer = _____ macromolecules • 4 main classes: –Carbohydrates –Lipids –Proteins –Nucleic acids macromolecules • Any organic molecule is essentially a carbon core to which specific groups of atoms (functional groups) are attached • Even though the 4 types of macromolecules are made of different subunits (monomers) they are all put together/taken apart using the same processes macromolecules PUTTING TOGETHER MONOMERS • Dehydration synthesis • Requires energy • Accomplished by using enzymes • Remove an –OH group and a H+ • TRY THIS!!! macromolecules TAKING APART POLYMERS • Hydrolysis (hydro·lysis) • Releases energy • Accomplished by using enzymes • TRY THIS!!! macromolecule examples monomers Carbohydrates Sugars, starches, cellulose, chitin, Simple sugars (monosaccharides) Lipids Fats, oils, waxes, steroids Glycerol & fatty acids Muscle, hair, enzymes, adrenaline, melanin Amino acids DNA & RNA nucleotides Proteins Nucleic acids carbohydrates • C, H, & O –(usually) 1:2:1 • monosaccharides • disaccharides • Polysaccharides • Energy storage • Structural monosaccharides • Monomers – Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, etc. Glucose, an example • • • • C6H12O6 monosaccharide/simple sugar carbon atoms are numbered remember, 3-D!!! disaccharides • Sucrose, lactose, & maltose, etc. • = two monosaccharides www.suggestkeyword.com polysaccharides • Long polymers composed of many monosaccharides • Plant starch (amylose), animal starch (glycogen), cellulose, chitin, etc. Lipids • Chemicallly very different from carbohydrates • Hydrophobic • 3 groups: – Triglycerides—animal fats & plant oils • Energy storage – Phospholipids—cell membranes – Steroids—hormones, venoms, pigments proteins • 75% of dry mass of the cell • Typical cell produces >2000 different proteins • =what it’s all about—what you are • Made up of amino acids • Amino acid sequence = polypeptide – Folding of polypeptide chain determines the action of the protein Amino acids • Core of a central carbon atom attached to – Amino group (-NH2) – Carboxyl group (-COOH) – R-group nucleic acids • Code for the production of proteins – Direct the production of all cellular molecules • DNA & RNA • Monomers are ______________ • DNA located… – eukaryotic – prokaryotic