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IMMUNE SYSTEM
Anatomy & Physiology
FUNCTION
 Protect body from infection from:
 pathogens
 bacteria
 toxins
 viral
 parasite
 fungi
DEFENSE..<clap clap> DEFENSE
 First line- skin/mucous membranes & mucus
 Provides a physical barrier preventing access into body
 Physiological variables:
 pH and temperature
 Chemical defense: nitric oxide; enzymes
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQGOcOUBi6s
IMMUNE SYSTEM: 2 BRANCHES
Innate (response to non “self” cells
Adaptive (response to previously recognized
foreigner)
CELLS!
 Neutrophil- 60% WBC, patrol tissue, large numbers when
infected
 short lives (die after digesting bacteria)
 dead crud = pus
 Macrophage- large, found in organs; made in bone marrrow
 (monocytes); long lived; innate
 Phagocytic and release cytokines (enhance immune response)
 phagocytosis : release histamine (cells under attack) neutrophil
comes
MORE CELLS!
Basophil - release histamine (dilate blood
vessels) cause redness, swelling, heat, fever
IE: INFLAMMATION
Cells…known as: Lymphocytes
 Lymphocyte- produce antibodies; T & B cells, circulate in blood and lymph
when mature
 B lymphocyte: many diff types, plamsa cells(make lots of antibodies);
memory cells(divide fast as soon as antigen is present again)
 T lymphocytes: secrete cytokines; help B divide and kill cells and memorize
antigen
ANTIBODIES
 Antibodies (immunoglobin) (IG)
 IgG: most abundant; in blood/lymph; can cross
placenta
 IgA: found in teras; milk, blood; lymph
 IgM: first to be secreted, blood/lymph; cant cross
placenta
 IgD: blood, lymph, B cells
 IgE: allergies
Specific vs. non-specific
 Nonspecific immunity: initial immune reaction against foreign
antigens via nonspecific antibodies and immune cells
 Specific immunity involves production of antibodies against a
particular antigen
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Anatomy & Physiology
Consists of:
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic tissue/organs
Organs include:
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
FUNCTIONS
Return interstitial fluid/proteins to blood
Transport dietary fats to adipose tissue
Protect against cancer/infection
Eliminate abnormal
(sick/old/cancerous), cells and
pathogens
ORGANS
 Lymph nodes: oval, bean shaped; scattered throughout
body
 can be deep or superficial
FUNCTIONS:
 filter lymph
 trap foreign material/debris/bad cells;
 produce lymphocytes
ORGANS
Spleen: largest lymph organ
FUNCTIONS:
 A. Red pulp: contains circulating blood, filter and store blood
 site for immune surveillance/response
 easily ruptured from trauma
 regulating blood; site of fetal erythrocyte production
 store approx. 1L of blood (released during emergency)
 B. White pulp: similar to lymph; has immune cells
ORGANS
Thymus
differentiation and maturation of T cells
secretes hormones critical in childhood
shrinks as you age
Tonsils: multiple groups of large lymph vessels
Trap and destroy bacteria w/ immune cells
Palatine tonsil: most infected
Pharyngeal
Lingual: base of tongue
LYMPH FLOW
Approx. 3 L of lymph is made
Flow is facilitated by muscle/respiratory
pump and valves of smooth muscle