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CHAPTER 12
 CONSISTS OF 2 PARTS
1.
LYMPHATIC VESSELS- transport fluids that have
escaped the cardiovascular system called LYMPH
2.LYMPHATIC ORGANS- (lymph nodes)- filter the fluid
and kill off invaders with lymphocytes
Very similar to veins with lymph capillaries becoming
successively larger and eventually called LYMPHATIC
COLLECTING DUCTS. Have valves very similar to
veins that help to move lymph
RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT – collects lymph from the
right arm and right thorax and right head- drains into
the subclavian vein
THORACIC DUCT- collects lymph from the rest of body
– drains into the sub clavian vein
-KIDNEY SHAPED
-ABOUT 1 INCH LONG
-about 1000 found in the body
-contains large amounts of lymphocytes –B cells and T
cells
-FOUND IN CLUSTERS IN 3 MAJOR REGIONS
1. AXILLARY– (armpit)
2. CERVICAL- (side of neck)
3. INGUINAL- (groin)
SPLEEN
THYMUS
TONSILS
PEYER’S PATCHES
Located on the left side and curls around the stomach
Filters the blood of bacteria, viruses and other debris
Breaks down worn out RED BLOOD CELLS so
hemoglobin can be reused.
Storage site of blood.
Produce Lymphocytes
 Produces hormones- thymosin that programs
lymphocytes
 Located low in the throat
 More active in youth
Lymphatic tissue located in the pharynxTrap bacteria entering the pharynx
May become sore and swollen called --- TONSILITIS
“tonsils” of the small intestine
Capture bacteria that are found in the digestive system.
MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHATIC TISSUE(MALT)
consists of tonsils and Peyer’s patches which protect
the respiratory and digestive tracts from never-ending
invasion
SKINSWEAT contains a low pH level preventing bacterial
growth
SEBUM- contains chemicals toxic to bacteria
VAGINAL SECRETIONS- highly acidic
 STOMACH- hydrochloric acid is highly acidic
 SALIVA- contains lysozomes- enzyme that kills
bacteria
 MUCUS- traps organisms from entering the digestive
and respiratory systems
- New particles take
longer to identify, and
a person remains ill
until a new antibody
can be crafted
- Old particles are
quickly recognized,
and a person may
never become ill from
that invader again.
This person is now
immune.
 STEM CELL– undifferentiated cells made in the red bone marrow (can
become Lymphocytes or Granulocytes)
 LYMPHOCYTES NATURAL KILLER CELLS- protect us from tumored cells and virus
infected cells
B CELLS- (bone cells) lymphocytes that mature in the bone
marrow-produce antibodies, help present antigens., and form Memory
B cells
T CELLS- (Thymus cells) lymphocytes that mature in the
thymus- do not produce antibodies– but do release chemicals to spend
up phagocytosis by MACROPHAGES- become T HELPER cells that
help in the maturity of B cells and Cytotoxic T cells that aid tumored
cells and in organ rejection
 GRANULOCYTES
 NEUTROPHILS- 1st responder to infection site- “phagocytize”
 EOSINOPHILS- phagocytize parasites and help with allergic
reactions and asthma
 BASOPHILS– contains vasodilator HISTAMINE and
anticoagulant HEPARIN with aide in the INFLAMMATION
RESPONSE
 MONOCYTES- stored in the spleen can become
MACROPHAGES or DENDRITIC CELLS
 1. INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE- general
 2. ANTIGEN SPECIFIC RESPONSE-
INFLAMMATION RESPONSE---
(Histamines)
 Any substance capable of setting off an immune
response.
 Almost all things are ANTIGENIC (including our own
cells) but our body had learn to identify our cells and
these SELF-ANTIGENS (Human leukocyte antigenHLA) do not trigger an immune response in us.
1. MACROPHAGES-gobble up
invading particles and break
them up
2. They show the ANTIGEN
pieces to T-cells, who
identify the pieces
3.
T CELLS help to find
specific B-cells to help
4. B-cells produce antibodies
that are equipped to find
that specific antigen on a
new cell.
5. Memory B cells are also
made- for future attacks
 also known as an
immunoglobulin, is a
large Y-shaped protein
used by the immune
system to identify and
neutralize foreign objects
like bacteria and viruses
 May be free flowing or
attached to B cells
- You produce the antibodies
- Your body has been exposed to the antigen in the past
either through:
- Exposure to the actual disease causing antigen – You fought
it, you won, you remember it
- Planned exposure to a form of the antigen that has been
killed or weakened – You detected it, eliminated it, and
remember it
What is this second type of exposure
called?
 Antigens are deliberately introduced into the
immune system to produce immunity
 Because the bacteria has been killed or
weakened, minimal symptoms occur
 Have eradicated or severely limited several
diseases from the face of the Earth, such as
polio and smallpox
- Immune system mistakenly
recognizes harmless foreign
particles as serious threats
- Launches immune response,
which causes sneezing, runny
nose, and watery eyes
- Anti-histamines block effect of
histamines and bring relief to
allergy sufferers
 Caused by the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus
 Discovered in 1983
 Specifically targets and kills
T-cells
 Because normal body cells
are unaffected, immune
response is not launched
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS- immune system attacks the
myelin sheath of the nervous system
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
GRAVES DISEASE