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Human Immune System Created by: Bryan Bencomo, Allan Jones, and Tim Hoskinson What Does it Do? • Two most important functions – Maintenance of fluid balance in the internal environment. – Immunity • Without the lymphatic system, a small amount of interstitial fluid is left behind, causing tissue destruction or death Anatomy Lymph • A clear Watery fluid that flows through lymphatic vessels • It is essential for the removal of wastes throughout the body • After flowing through the lymph vessels, the lymph gets dumped into an artery or vein • Lymph Nodes Lymph Nodes – oval-shaped or bean-shaped structures – Some are as small as a pinhead and others as large as a lima bean – When an infection is present, germinal centers form and the node begins to release lymphocytes – The center or medulla of a lymph node is composed of sinuses and cords. The spleen is an organ which is really like a giant lymph node filled with blood. Lymph Vessels • Lymphatic vessels resemble veins in structure with these exceptions: – Lymphatics have thinner walls. – Lymphatics contain more valves. – Lymphatics contain lymph nodes located at certain intervals along their course. • Proteins that accumulate in the interstitial spaces can return to the blood only via lymphatics White Blood Cells • “Killer” T-Cell – Sensitized T-cells that release lymphotoxin, a powerful poison, are called killer T-cells • “Helper” T-Cell Creates – Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), which destroy specific infected cells, – B-cells, which produce antibodies – Natural killer cells, which destroy any infected cells – Production of antibodies and cytokines Thymus • It is composed of two pyramid shaped lobes • Serves as a final site of lymphocyte development before birth. • Soon after birth the thymus begins secreting a group of hormones collectively called thymosin that enable lymphocytes to develop into mature T-cells • Inherited Immunity Immunity – immunity to certain diseases develops before birth • Natural immunity-Exposure to the causative agent is not deliberate – Active (exposure) • A child develops measles and acquires an immunity to subsequent infection – Passive (exposure) • A fetus receives protection from the mother through the placenta, or an infant receives protection by way of the mother's milk • Artificial Immunity-exposure is deliberate – Active • injection of the causative agent, such as vaccination against polio, confers immunity – Passive • injection of protective material (antibodies) that was developed by another individual's immune system Antibody Animation!! AIDS • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome – Caused by the HIV Virus – Damaging white blood cells, the virus stops the human immune system from functioning – It can be spread by having contact with body fluids and other ways – Eventually the immune system breaks down since no white blood cells can identify any disease/virus – The person eventually dies from an opportunistic disease; there is no treatment Hodgkin’s Disease • Is a lymphoma, type of cancer that develops in the lymphatic system • Basically, cells in the body divide too quickly and a mass of extra tissue is formed • This prevents the immune system from functioning properly • Symptoms include: Swelling in lymph nodes, fevers, night sweats, and weight loss • Treatment includes chemotherapy and radiation therapy, but there is no “cure”. New Technology • Advancements in the biotechnology sector have led to many medical breakthroughs over the last few years • Medicines such as Proleukin which helps goad the body’s immune system were science fiction as little as 15 yrs. Ago • New technology is now available which shuts off the disease-causing messages the gene sends to the body • More is in the future though, such as a cure for AIDS and other so far “incurable” diseases Bibliography • BBC Health-Http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/immune/breakdown.shtml • www.kidinfo.com/health • The Washington Post-Jan. 08, 2002 “Human Genome Sciences to Begin Tests of Cancer Drug” • Encarta Encyclopedia • UCLA University Wire “Scientists testing HIV vaccines at UCLA” • www.gened.emc.maricopa.edu • www.askjeeves.com • www.howstuffworks.com • All About You, Raymond V. Hand Jr. • Funk & Wagnalls’ New Encyclopedia • www.aids.com • www.cancernet.nci.nih.gov • www.Britannica.com • The Human Body, Charles Clayman • The Human Body: An Overview, Mary Kittredge