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C3.1 The Periodic Table Learning outcomes Subject Area Grade B 1 Introduction Know that the Periodic Table shows all the elements listed in atomic number order Grade A 2 Group 1 3 Transition metals 4 Group 7 5 Development of the Periodic Table Know that the Group 1 elements are known as the alkali metals Know some physical properties of the Group 1 metals (e.g. density, malleability, melting points) Know the trend in melting points down Group 1 Know that Group 1 metals react with non-metals (e.g. oxygen, chlorine) to form ionic compounds Know where the transition metals are located in the Periodic Table Know some physical properties of the transition metals (e.g. density, malleability, melting points) Compare the physical properties of the transition metals with Group 1 metals Know that the Group 7 elements are known as the halogens Know that the elements all exist as diatomic molecules with low melting and boiling points Know the trend in melting and boiling points down Group 7 Know that Group 7 elements react with metals (e.g. sodium, magnesium) to form ionic compounds Know how Newlands arranged elements in his table Know how Mendeleev arranged elements in his table Understand ways in which the Periodic Table is such a useful tool to chemists Grade A* Understand the link between the electron structure of an element and the group it belongs to Understand the link between the electron structure of an element and the period it belongs to Know how the Group 1 metals react with water, including equations and the formation of alkalis. Explain the trend in reactivity down Group 1 Know that Group 1 metals react with non-metals to form ionic compounds containing 1+ metal ions Know the compounds of Group 1 metals are white and dissolve in water to form colourless solutions. Know the compounds of transition metals are often coloured Know that transition metals and their compounds can be useful catalysts Know that transition metals can form ions with different charges Know that Group 7 elements react with metals to form ionic compounds containing 1- halide ions Explain the trend in reactivity down Group 7 Understand how a more reactive Group 7 element can displace a less reactive Group 7 element from its compounds Know the trend in reactivity down Group 7. Understand the importance of Newlands’ table but why his table was not generally accepted. Understand why Mendeleev’s table was accepted. Understand that after Mendeleev had placed the elements in the Table, protons, neutrons and electrons were discovered and showed he had placed them in order of atomic number. Explain why the table is called the Periodic Table. C3.2 Water Learning outcomes Subject Area Grade B 1 What are hard and soft water? 2 Advantages and disadvantages of hard and soft water 3 Softening hard water 4 Drinking water Know what hard and soft water are. Know how water becomes hard. Know how hard and soft water interact with soap and detergents and economic consequences Know some advantages of hard water compared to sot water Know that temporary hard water is softened by boiling Grade A Understand the difference between permanent and temporary hard water Know the difference between permanent and temporary hard water in terms of the action of heat Know how limescale is formed when temporary hard water is heated Know how water for drinking is passed through filter beds and chlorine is added Know that water can be purified by distillation but why this is expensive Explain how ion exchange columns soften water Know why limescale is formed when temporary hard water is heated Know how this affects the efficiency of systems that use hot water Know that hard water can be softened by adding sodium carbonate or passing through an ion exchange column Understand why drinking water should have sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes Grade A* Know that water filters containing carbon, silver and ion exchange columns can remove some dissolved substances in tap water to improve taste and quality Know why chlorine and fluoride may be added to drinking water Explain how sodium carbonate softens water Explain how boiling softens temporary hard water Evaluate the pros and cons of adding chlorine and fluoride to drinking water C3.3 Energy calculations Learning outcomes Subject Area Grade B 1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions Know the energy transfers in exothermic and endothermic reactions Grade A 2 Bond breaking and making 3 Calorimetry with fuels and food Know that energy is needed to break bonds. Know that energy is released when bonds are made Calculate the heat released to heat a mass of water. 4 Calorimetry in solution 5 Fuels Show exothermic and endothermic reactions using energy level diagrams Represent activation energy on energy level diagrams Know how a catalyst works and show this on an energy level diagram Calculate the energy change in a reaction using bond energies Explain why reactions are exothermic or endothermic using bond energies Calculate energy changes by calorimetry in terms of kJ/g Calculate energy changes by calorimetry in terms of kJ/mol when fuels/food are burned Convert energy in cal to J and vice versa Calculate the heat released to heat a mass of water. Evaluate advantage and disadvantages of fuels in terms of environmental and economic factors. Grade A* Evaluate the use of hydrogen to power cars Calculate energy changes by calorimetry in terms of kJ/mol for reactions in solution C3.4 Analysis Learning outcomes Subject Area Grade B 1 Identifying ionic compounds – positive ions 2 Identifying ionic compounds – negative ions Know how to identify Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ using flame tests Know how to CO32- ions using acid and limewater 3 Identifying ionic compounds 4 Titrations Grade A Know how to carry out an acid-alkali titration Grade A* Know how to identify Al3+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Cu2+ using sodium hydroxide solution Know how to identify Cl-, Br- and Iions using silver nitrate solution Know how to identify SO42- ions using barium chloride solution Carry out a logical sequence of tests to identify ionic compounds Use results from titrations to calculate the concentration of acids and alkalis C3.5 Equilibria Learning outcomes Subject Area Grade B 1 Reversible reactions Know that some chemical reactions are reversible Grade A 2 The effect of temperature 3 The effect of pressure 4 Industrial processes Know the relationship between the energy change for the forward and reverse reactions in a reversible reaction Know the relationship between the number of gas molecules present and the pressure Know the reaction and conditions for the production of ammonia in the Haber Process Know the sources of the hydrogen and nitrogen for the Haber process Grade A* Know that some reversible reactions reach a state of dynamic equilibrium in a closed system. Understand that the position of a dynamic equilibrium can change and what is meant by the position lying to the left or to the right. Know how the position of an equilibrium moves if the temperature is changed Know how the position of an equilibrium involving gases moves if the pressure is changed Evaluate the optimum conditions for the production of ammonia in the Haber process, in terms of yield, rate and costs (energy & equipment). Explain why the position of an equilibrium moves if the temperature is changed Explain why the position of an equilibrium involving gases moves if the pressure is changed Apply similar principles to other industrial equilibria C3.6 Organic Chemistry Learning outcomes Subject Area Grade B 1 Alcohols 2 Carboxylic acids 3 Esters Know that all alcohols contain the –OH functional group Grade A Know the structure of methanol, ethanol and propanol Know uses of alcohols as fuels, solvents and in alcoholic drinks Know that all carboxylic acids contain the –COOH functional group Know the structure of methanoic acid, ethanoic acid and propanoic acid Know that alcohols are a homologous series of compounds containing the –OH functional group Grade A* Know how ethanol is oxidised to ethanoic acid by chemical oxidising agents or the action of microbes Know how alcohols react with water, air and sodium Write balanced equations for combustion reactions of alcohols Know how carboxylic acids react with water and carbonates Know how carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form esters Understand the difference between strong acids and weak acids Know that carboxylic acids are weak acids Know that all esters contain the –COO– functional group Recognise compounds as esters Know that esters are volatile with distinctive smells Know that esters are used as flavourings and perfumes Draw the structure of ethyl ethanoate Know how carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form esters