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EdexcelSpecification:C2 Name:……………………………………………………….…………………….. ThisspecificationlistseverythingyouneedtoknowforyourGCSEC2exam.Don’tletthescientific languagebaffleyou,youknowmorethanyouthink! • Tickthethingswelearninclass • Laterintheweek,reviewthemandtickthereviewedbox Contents: Topic1:Atomicstructureandtheperiodictable Topic2:Ioniccompoundsandanalysis Topic3:Covalentcompoundsandseparationtechniques Topic4:Groupsintheperiodictable Topic5:Chemicalreactions Topic6:QuantitativeChemistry Topic1:Atomicstructureandtheperiodictable LearningObjective Learnt Reviewed ExplainhowMendeleev: Classifyelementsasmetalsornon-metalsaccordingtotheirpositionintheperiodictable Describethestructureofanatomasanucleuscontainingprotonsandneutrons, surroundedbyelectronsinshells(energylevels) Demonstrateanunderstandingthatthenucleusofanatomisverysmallcomparedtothe overallsizeoftheatom Describeatomsofagivenelementashavingthesamenumberofprotonsinthenucleus andthatthisnumberisuniquetothatelement Recalltherelativechargeandrelativemassof: Demonstrateanunderstandingthatatomscontainequalnumbersofprotonsand electrons Explainthemeaningoftheterms: • • • • • arrangedtheelements,knownatthattime,inaperiodictablebyusing propertiesoftheseelementsandtheircompounds usedhistabletopredicttheexistenceandpropertiesofsomeelementsnotthen discovered aproton aneutron anelectron • atomicnumber • massnumber • relativeatomicmass Describethearrangementofelementsintheperiodictablesuchthat: • • elementsarearrangedinorderofincreasingatomicnumber,inrowscalled periods elementswithsimilarpropertiesareplacedinthesameverticalcolumn,called groups Demonstrateanunderstandingthattheexistenceofisotopesresultsinsomerelative atomicmassesnotbeingwholenumbers Calculatetherelativeatomicmassofanelementfromtherelativemassesand abundancesofitsisotopes Applyrulesaboutthefillingofelectronshells(energylevels)topredicttheelectronic configurationsofthefirst20elementsintheperiodictableasdiagramsandintheform 2.8.1 Describetheconnectionbetweenthenumberofouterelectronsandthepositionofan elementintheperiodictable Topic2:Ioniccompoundsandanalysis LearningObjective Learnt Reviewed Demonstrateanunderstandingthatatomsofdifferentelementscancombinetoform compoundsbytheformationofnewchemicalbonds Describehowionicbondsareformedbythetransferofelectronstoproducecationsand anions Describeanionasanatomorgroupofatomswithapositiveornegativecharge Describetheformationofsodiumions,Na+,andchlorideions,Cl-,andhencethe formationofionsinotherioniccompoundsfromtheiratoms,limitedtocompoundsof elementsingroups1,2,6and7 Demonstrateanunderstandingoftheuseoftheendings–ideand–ateinthenamesof compounds Deducetheformulaeofioniccompounds(includingoxides,hydroxides,halides,nitrates, carbonatesandsulfates)giventheformulaeoftheconstituentions Describethestructureofioniccompoundsasalatticestructure: Demonstrateanunderstandingofthemethodneededtoprepareapure,drysampleofan insolublesalt • • consistingofaregulararrangementofions heldtogetherbystrongelectrostaticforces(ionicbonds)betweenoppositelychargedions Describeandexplainthepropertiesofionicsubstancesincludingsodiumchloride andmagnesiumoxide,limitedto: • • meltingpointsandboilingpoints whethertheyconductelectricityassolids,whenmoltenandinaqueoussolution Recallthegeneralruleswhichdescribethesolubilityofcommontypesofsubstancesin water: • • allcommonsodium,potassiumandammoniumsaltsaresolubleallnitrates aresoluble commonchloridesaresolubleexceptthoseofsilverandleadd common sulfatesaresolubleexceptthoseoflead,bariumandcalcium • commoncarbonatesandhydroxidesareinsolubleexceptthoseofsodium, potassiumandammonium Demonstrateanunderstandingthatinsolublesaltscanbeformedasprecipitatesbythe reactionofsuitablereagentsinsolution Prepareaninsolublesaltbyprecipitation Usesolubilityrulestopredictwhetheraprecipitateisformedwhennamedsolutionsare mixedtogetherandtonametheprecipitate Recallthattheinsolublesalt,bariumsulfate,isgivenasa‘bariummeal’toX-raypatients because: • • itisopaquetoX-rays itissafetouseas,althoughbariumsaltsaretoxic,itsinsolubilitypreventsit enteringtheblood Describeteststoshowthefollowingionsarepresentinsolidsorsolutions: • • • • Na+,K+,Ca2+,Cu2+ usingflametests CO32-usingdiluteacidandidentifyingthecarbondioxideevolved SO42- usingdilutehydrochloricacidandbariumchloridesolution Cl- usingdilutenitricacidandsilvernitratesolution Recallthatchemistsusespectroscopy(atypeofflametest)todetectthepresenceofvery smallamountsofelementsandthatthisledtothediscoveryofnewelements,including rubidiumandcaesium Topic3:Covalentcompoundsandseparationtechniques LearningObjective Learnt Reviewed Describeacovalentbondasapairofelectronssharedbetweentwoatoms Recallthatcovalentbondingresultsintheformationofmolecules Explaintheformationofsimplemolecular,covalentsubstancesusingdotandcross diagrams,including: Classifydifferenttypesofelementsandcompoundsbyinvestigatingtheirmeltingpoints andboilingpoints,solubilityinwaterandelectricalconductivity(assolidsandinsolution) includingsodiumchloride,magnesiumsulphate,hexane,liquidparaffin,silicon(IV)oxide, coppersulfate,andsucrose(sugar) Describethepropertiesoftypicalsimplemolecular,covalentcompounds,limitedto: Demonstrateanunderstandingofthedifferencesbetweenthepropertiesofsimple molecular,covalentsubstancesandthoseofgiantmolecular,covalentsubstances,including diamondandgraphite Explainwhy,althoughtheyarebothformsofcarbonandgiantmolecularsubstances, graphiteisusedtomakeelectrodesandasalubricant,whereasdiamondisusedin cuttingtools Describetheseparationoftwoimmiscibleliquidsusingaseparatingfunnel • • hydrogen hydrogenchloride • water • methane • oxygen • carbondioxide • • lowmeltingpointsandboilingpoints,intermsofweakforcesbetweenmolecules poorconductionofelectricity Describetheseparationofmixturesofmiscibleliquidsbyfractionaldistillation,byreferring tothefractionaldistillationofliquidairtoproducenitrogenandoxygen Describehowpaperchromatographycanbeusedtoseparateandidentifycomponentsof mixtures,includingcolouringagentsinfoodstuffs Evaluatetheinformationprovidedbypaperchromatograms,includingthecalculationofRf values,inavarietyofcontexts,suchasthefoodindustryandforensicscience Topic4:Groupsintheperiodictable LearningObjective Learnt Reviewed Classifyelementsasalkalimetals(group1),halogens(group7),noblegases(group0)and transitionmetalsbasedontheirpositionintheperiodictable Describethestructureofmetalsasaregulararrangementofpositiveionssurroundedbya seaofdelocalisedelectrons Describeandexplainthepropertiesofmetals,limitedtomalleabilityandtheabilityto conductelectricity Recallthatmostmetalsaretransitionmetalsandthattheirtypicalproperties include: Describethereactionsoflithium,sodiumandpotassiumwithwatertoformhydroxides whicharealkaline,andhydrogengas Describethepatterninreactivityofthealkalimetalslithium,sodiumandpotassiumwith water,usethispatterntopredictthereactivityofotheralkalimetalsandexplainthe pattern Recallthecoloursandphysicalstatesofthehalogensatroomtemperature Describethereactionofhalogenswithmetalstoformmetalhalides Recallthathalogensreactwithhydrogentoproducehydrogenhalideswhichdissolvein watertoformacidicsolutions Investigatedisplacementreactionsofhalogensreactingwithhalideionsinsolution Describetherelativereactivityofthehalogensasshownbytheirdisplacementreactions withhalideionsinaqueoussolution Describethenoblegasesaschemicallyinert,comparedwiththeotherelements,and demonstrateanunderstandingthatthislackofreactivitycanbeexplainedbytheelectronic arrangementsintheiratoms • • highmeltingpoint theformationofcolouredcompounds Demonstrateanunderstandingthatelementsandcompoundscanbeclassifiedas: • • ionic simplemolecularcovalent • giantmolecularcovalent • metallic andthateachtypeofsubstancehasdifferentphysicalproperties,includingrelativemelting pointandboilingpoint,relativesolubilityinwaterandabilitytoconductelectricity(as solidsandinsolution) Describealkalimetalsas: • • softmetals metalswithcomparativelylowmeltingpoints Usethepatterninaphysicalpropertyofthenoblegases,suchasboilingpointordensity,to estimateanunknownvalueforanothermemberofthegroup Demonstrateanunderstandingthatthediscoveryofthenoblegaseswasdueto chemists: • • • noticingthatthedensityofnitrogenmadeinareactiondifferedfromthatof nitrogenobtainedfromair developingahypothesisaboutthecompositionoftheair performingexperimentstotestthishypothesisandshowthepresenceofthenoble gases Relatetheusesofthenoblegasestotheirproperties,including: • • • inertness(includingprovidinganinertatmosphereforweldingandin filamentlamps) lowdensity(includingfillingballoons) non-flammability Topic5:Chemicalreactions LearningObjective Learnt Reviewed Measuretemperaturechangesaccompanyingsomeofthefollowingtypesof change: Defineanexothermicchangeorreactionasoneinwhichheatenergyisgivenout,including combustionreactionsorexplosions Defineanendothermicchangeorreactionasoneinwhichheatenergyistakenin,including photosynthesisordissolvingammoniumnitrateinwater Describethebreakingofbondsasendothermicandthemakingofbondsasexothermic Demonstrateanunderstandingthattheoverallheatenergychangeforareactionis: Drawandinterpretsimplegraphicalrepresentationsofenergychangesoccurringin chemicalreactions Investigatetheeffectoftemperature,concentrationandsurfaceareaofasolidontherate ofareactionsuchashydrochloricacidandmarblechips Recallthattheratesofchemicalreactionsvaryfromveryfast,explosivereactionstovery slowreactions Describetheeffectofchangesintemperature,concentrationandsurfaceareaofasolidon therateofreaction Describehowreactionscanoccurwhenparticlescollideandexplainhowratesofreaction areincreasedbyincreasingthefrequencyand/orenergyofcollisions Demonstrateanunderstandingthatnotallcollisionsleadtoareaction,especiallyif particlescollidewithlowenergy • saltsdissolvinginwater • neutralisationreactions • displacementreactions • precipitationreactions • • exothermicifmoreheatenergyisreleasedmakingbondsintheproductsthanis requiredtobreakbondsinthereactants endothermiciflessheatenergyisreleasedmakingbondsintheproductsthanis requiredtobreakbondsinthereactants Recalltheeffectofacatalystontherateofreaction Demonstrateanunderstandingthatcatalyticconvertersincars: • • haveahighsurfaceareatoincreasetherateofreactionofcarbonmonoxideand unburntfuelfromexhaustgaseswithoxygenfromtheairtoproducecarbon dioxideandwater workbestathightemperatures Topic6:Quantitativechemistry LearningObjective Learnt Reviewed Calculaterelativeformulamassgivenrelativeatomicmasses Calculatetheformulaeofsimplecompoundsfromreactingmassesandunderstandthat theseareempiricalformulae Determinetheempiricalformulaofasimplecompound,suchasmagnesiumoxide Calculatethepercentagecompositionbymassofacompoundfromitsformulaandthe relativeatomicmassesofitsconstituentelements Usebalancedequationstocalculatemassesofreactantsandproducts Recallthattheyieldofareactionisthemassofproductobtainedinthereaction Demonstrateanunderstandingthattheactualyieldofareactionisusuallylessthanthe yieldcalculatedusingthechemicalequation(theoreticalyield) Calculatethepercentageyieldofareactionfromtheactualyieldandthetheoreticalyield Demonstrateanunderstandingofthereasonswhyreactionsdonotgivethetheoretical yieldduetofactors,including: • • • incompletereactions practicallossesduringthepreparation competing,unwantedreactions Demonstrateanunderstandingthatmanyreactionsproducewasteproductswhich: • • arenotcommerciallyuseful canpresenteconomic,environmentalandsocialproblemsfordisposal Demonstrate an understanding that chemists in industry work to find the economicallymostfavourablereactionswhere: • • • thepercentageyieldishigh alltheproductsofthereactionarecommerciallyuseful thereactionoccursatasuitablespeed
