Download C3.1 The Periodic Table - School

C3.1
The Periodic Table
Learning outcomes
Subject Area
Grade B
1 Introduction
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Know that the Periodic Table shows
all the elements listed in atomic
number order
Grade A
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2 Group 1
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3 Transition metals
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4 Group 7
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5 Development of the
Periodic Table
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Know that the Group 1 elements are
known as the alkali metals
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Know some physical properties of
the Group 1 metals (e.g. density,
malleability, melting points)
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Know the trend in melting points
down Group 1
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Know that Group 1 metals react with
non-metals (e.g. oxygen, chlorine) to
form ionic compounds
Know where the transition metals are
located in the Periodic Table
Know some physical properties of
the transition metals (e.g. density,
malleability, melting points)
Compare the physical properties of
the transition metals with Group 1
metals
Know that the Group 7 elements are
known as the halogens
Know that the elements all exist as
diatomic molecules with low melting
and boiling points
Know the trend in melting and boiling
points down Group 7
Know that Group 7 elements react
with metals (e.g. sodium,
magnesium) to form ionic
compounds
Know how Newlands arranged
elements in his table
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Know how Mendeleev arranged
elements in his table
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Understand ways in which the
Periodic Table is such a useful tool to
chemists
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Grade A*
Understand the link between the
electron structure of an element and
the group it belongs to
Understand the link between the
electron structure of an element and
the period it belongs to
Know how the Group 1 metals react
with water, including equations and
the formation of alkalis.
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Explain the trend in reactivity down
Group 1
Know that Group 1 metals react with
non-metals to form ionic compounds
containing 1+ metal ions
Know the compounds of Group 1
metals are white and dissolve in
water to form colourless solutions.
Know the compounds of transition
metals are often coloured
Know that transition metals and their
compounds can be useful catalysts
Know that transition metals can form
ions with different charges
Know that Group 7 elements react
with metals to form ionic compounds
containing 1- halide ions
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Explain the trend in reactivity down
Group 7
Understand how a more reactive
Group 7 element can displace a less
reactive Group 7 element from its
compounds
Know the trend in reactivity down
Group 7.
Understand the importance of
Newlands’ table but why his table
was not generally accepted.
Understand why Mendeleev’s table
was accepted.
Understand that after Mendeleev had
placed the elements in the Table,
protons, neutrons and electrons were
discovered and showed he had
placed them in order of atomic
number.
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Explain why the table is called the
Periodic Table.
C3.2
Water
Learning outcomes
Subject Area
Grade B
1 What are hard and
soft water?
2 Advantages and
disadvantages of
hard and soft water
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3 Softening hard water
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4 Drinking water
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Know what hard and soft water are.
Know how water becomes hard.
Know how hard and soft water
interact with soap and detergents
and economic consequences
Know some advantages of hard
water compared to sot water
Know that temporary hard water is
softened by boiling
Grade A
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Understand the difference between
permanent and temporary hard water
Know the difference between
permanent and temporary hard water
in terms of the action of heat
Know how limescale is formed when
temporary hard water is heated
Know how water for drinking is
passed through filter beds and
chlorine is added
Know that water can be purified by
distillation but why this is expensive
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Explain how ion exchange columns
soften water
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Know why limescale is formed when
temporary hard water is heated
Know how this affects the efficiency
of systems that use hot water
Know that hard water can be
softened by adding sodium
carbonate or passing through an ion
exchange column
Understand why drinking water
should have sufficiently low levels of
dissolved salts and microbes
Grade A*
Know that water filters containing
carbon, silver and ion exchange
columns can remove some dissolved
substances in tap water to improve
taste and quality
Know why chlorine and fluoride may
be added to drinking water
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Explain how sodium carbonate
softens water
Explain how boiling softens
temporary hard water
Evaluate the pros and cons of adding
chlorine and fluoride to drinking water
C3.3
Energy calculations
Learning outcomes
Subject Area
Grade B
1 Exothermic and
endothermic
reactions
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Know the energy transfers in
exothermic and endothermic
reactions
Grade A
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2 Bond breaking and
making
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3 Calorimetry with
fuels and food
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Know that energy is needed to break
bonds.
Know that energy is released when
bonds are made
Calculate the heat released to heat a
mass of water.
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4 Calorimetry in
solution
5 Fuels
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Show exothermic and endothermic
reactions using energy level
diagrams
Represent activation energy on
energy level diagrams
Know how a catalyst works and show
this on an energy level diagram
Calculate the energy change in a
reaction using bond energies
Explain why reactions are exothermic
or endothermic using bond energies
Calculate energy changes by
calorimetry in terms of kJ/g
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Calculate energy changes by
calorimetry in terms of kJ/mol when
fuels/food are burned
Convert energy in cal to J and vice
versa
Calculate the heat released to heat a
mass of water.
Evaluate advantage and
disadvantages of fuels in terms of
environmental and economic factors.
Grade A*
Evaluate the use of hydrogen to
power cars
Calculate energy changes by
calorimetry in terms of kJ/mol for
reactions in solution
C3.4
Analysis
Learning outcomes
Subject Area
Grade B
1 Identifying ionic
compounds –
positive ions
2 Identifying ionic
compounds –
negative ions
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Know how to identify Li+, Na+, K+,
Ca2+ and Mg2+ using flame tests
Know how to CO32- ions using acid
and limewater
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3 Identifying ionic
compounds
4 Titrations
Grade A
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Know how to carry out an acid-alkali
titration
Grade A*
Know how to identify Al3+, Mg2+, Ca2+,
Fe2+, Fe3+ and Cu2+ using sodium
hydroxide solution
Know how to identify Cl-, Br- and Iions using silver nitrate solution
Know how to identify SO42- ions using
barium chloride solution
Carry out a logical sequence of tests
to identify ionic compounds
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Use results from titrations to
calculate the concentration of acids
and alkalis
C3.5
Equilibria
Learning outcomes
Subject Area
Grade B
1 Reversible reactions
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Know that some chemical reactions
are reversible
Grade A
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2 The effect of
temperature
3 The effect of
pressure
4 Industrial processes
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Know the relationship between the
energy change for the forward and
reverse reactions in a reversible
reaction
Know the relationship between the
number of gas molecules present
and the pressure
Know the reaction and conditions for
the production of ammonia in the
Haber Process
Know the sources of the hydrogen
and nitrogen for the Haber process
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Grade A*
Know that some reversible reactions
reach a state of dynamic equilibrium
in a closed system.
Understand that the position of a
dynamic equilibrium can change and
what is meant by the position lying to
the left or to the right.
Know how the position of an
equilibrium moves if the temperature
is changed
Know how the position of an
equilibrium involving gases moves if
the pressure is changed
Evaluate the optimum conditions for
the production of ammonia in the
Haber process, in terms of yield, rate
and costs (energy & equipment).
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Explain why the position of an
equilibrium moves if the temperature
is changed
Explain why the position of an
equilibrium involving gases moves if
the pressure is changed
Apply similar principles to other
industrial equilibria
C3.6
Organic Chemistry
Learning outcomes
Subject Area
Grade B
1 Alcohols
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2 Carboxylic acids
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3 Esters
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Know that all alcohols contain the
–OH functional group
Grade A
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Know the structure of methanol,
ethanol and propanol
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Know uses of alcohols as fuels,
solvents and in alcoholic drinks
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Know that all carboxylic acids contain
the –COOH functional group
Know the structure of methanoic
acid, ethanoic acid and propanoic
acid
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Know that alcohols are a
homologous series of compounds
containing the –OH functional group
Grade A*
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Know how ethanol is oxidised to
ethanoic acid by chemical oxidising
agents or the action of microbes
Know how alcohols react with water,
air and sodium
Write balanced equations for
combustion reactions of alcohols
Know how carboxylic acids react with
water and carbonates
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Know how carboxylic acids react with
alcohols to form esters
Understand the difference between
strong acids and weak acids
Know that carboxylic acids are weak
acids
Know that all esters contain the
–COO– functional group
Recognise compounds as esters
Know that esters are volatile with
distinctive smells
Know that esters are used as
flavourings and perfumes
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Draw the structure of ethyl ethanoate
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Know how carboxylic acids react with
alcohols to form esters