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5/1/11 social psychology the study of how people think, feel, & behave in social situations social categorization categorizing people into stereotyped groups based upon their shared characteristics (is done using Implicit Personality Theory) Implicit personality theory attribution when you try to explain someone’s behavior assumptions that you have about types of people, traits, & behavior dispositional cause (internal/personal) situational cause (external) fundamental attribution error actor-observer discrepancy (about other people) (for bad outcomes) overestimating role of internal factors & underestimating external factors E.g. car swerving across lanes hyper person at party you as observer = commit FAE you as actor = blame external factors E.g. arriving late to class 1 5/1/11 self-serving bias you attribute your successes to internal factors but your failures to external factors E.g. blaming the victim s/he must have caused it or didn’t take steps to prevent it E.g. skill at snowboarding cooking skill just world hypothesis people get what they deserve - loved one is mistreated at work cognitive dissonance you feel tension when you have two conflicting attitudes increased when behavior contradicts your attitude (Why do people believe it?) E.g. procrastination of studying cognitive dissonance How is tension reduced? 1) rationalize behavior 2) If cannot be rationalized, change attitude in-group group to which you belong (in-group bias = tendency to judge in-group favorably & out-group unfavorably) out-group group to which you DO NOT belong (out-group homogeneity effect=tendency to see out-group members all the same) 2 5/1/11 ethnocentrism Belief that one’s culture or ethnic group is superior to all others stereotype conformity Asch conformity experiment when you change in order to fit-in Would people still conform even if the group opinion was CLEARLY wrong? discussion Have you ever done something you didn’t want to do, just because of pressure from others? obedience to obey an authority Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Experiment Could a person be pressured by others into committing an immoral act? 3 5/1/11 Stanley Milgram’s Obedience results survey expectations First, survey results: • Most would REFUSE TO OBEY at 150 volts • None would reach 450 volts 35% stopped here 65% all the way altruism actual results altruism Have you witnessed an altruistic act? helping someone (without expecting a reward) Have you ever been involved in one? (i.e. given help or received help?) bystander effect social loafing a person is LESS likely to help when others are also present working less when working in a group Story of Kitty Genovese Examples? 4