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Immunohistochemistry in dermatology Immunhistochemistry refers to the process of detecting antigen (e.g. protein) in cells of tissue sections by binding to antibodies specific to antigen in biological tissue • Indirect method • Direct method • A cell stained by fluorophore ( Immune H. chemistry) Direct immunofluorescence of pemphigus vulgaris with granular deposit in the intercellular Ig G in the epidermis. Indirect immunoflourescence showing intercellular deposits of IgG in pemphigus vulgaris Direct immunoflourescence showing IgG band at basement membrane of bullous pemphigoid • Direct immunoflourescence using IgG on a case of systemic lupus erythematosus. • Direct immunofluorescence using anti IgA antibodies in a case of Henoch Schonlein purpura Direct immunoflourescence of dermatitis herpeitiformis with granular deposits of IgA at dermo-epdermal junction with suprapapillary accentuation Direct immunoflourescence showing raged fibrin band at basement membrane zone in lichen planus Immunoflouerscent findings Direct immunoflourescence findings in other diseases in dermatology Common antigen distribution in different component of normal skin Ind J Dermat. 56: 629, 2O11 Common antigen distribution in different component of normal skin Some of the common antigens detected by immunohistochemical analysis Indian J. Dermat. 56: 629, 2O11 Some of the common antigens detected by immunohistochemical analysis Indian J. Dermat. 56: 629, 2O11 Interleukines are substances produced by leukocyte & other cells in the body & help the immune system to fight infection & cancer. They act as hormone regulators. However, more research is needed in area of defining cytokines & hormones . Interleukins They are group of cytokines ( secreted proteins or signaling molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white cells (leukocyte) The function of immune system depends in large part on interleukin, The majority interleukins are synthesisized by CD 4 T lymphocytes as well as through monocytes, macrophages & endothelial cells. Interleukin 1 Autoinflammation & the skin Modulation of auto immunity Central nervous system injury induce immune defeciency syndrome Nature reviews Neuroscience 6: 775, 2OO5 The human skin as endocrine gland PTHrP: parathyroid hormone related peptide ; CRH: corticotropin releasing hormone ;ACTH: adrenocoticotropic releasing hormone ;a-HSH: a melanocyte stimulating hormone ;atRA: all-trans retinoic acid;; IGF-1 : insulin like growth factor -I ;IGF-II: insulin growth factor –II; IGFBP 3: insulin growth factor binding protein-3 Hormones 3:9 . 2OO4 The human skin as hormone target PTHR / PTHrPR :Parthyroid hormone receptor / parthyroid hormone related peptide receptor ;YSHR: thyroid stimulating hormone receptor ;CRH- 1R and -2R: corticotropin releasing hormone receptors type 1 and 2 ;MC -1R, 2R, 5R: Melanocortin receptors type 1, 2, 5 ; VPAC 2:vasoactive popypeptide receptor type 2; NYR: neuropeptide y receptor ; CGRPR: calcitonin gene related polypeptide receptor ; 5 HTR: 5 Hydroxy treptamine receptor;PAR: proteniase activated receptor ;GR: glucocorticoid receptor;AR : androgen receptor ; PR: progesterone receptor; THR: thyroid hormone receptor ;ER ,a, b: estrogen receptor type a, type b; RAR: retonoic acid receptors;RXR; retenoic x receptors VDR: vitamin D receptor; PRAR : perexisome proliferated related receptors.;