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The Basics History of the English Language – External Influences: ALPHABET Semitic writing [Phoenician] started the use of many consonants. Greeks adopted Phoenician with changes & additions. Ionic alphabet (Roman) became the Greek standard. Romans adopted Greek with changes & additions. In the early Middle Ages, Celts used runes [ “secret”], & Irish monks used “Insular Hand”(Roman). Norman Conquest { French } LANGUAGE Celts – earliest Britannians Picts & Scots – bullies who attacked the peaceful Celts Rome wouldn’t help. 449- arrival of first germanic sea warriors to help Celts— They helped... then shamelessly took over the island. 449 = Beginning of Old English period 6th century – Rome sent St. Augustine to straighten out those pagans & convert them to Christianity. Then – A Second Wave of Vikings 878 – King Alfred began unification-Resulting in assimilation and 4 major dialects. 1066- Norman Conquest { French } Middle English = OE [ germanic ] Latin [ Rome ] French [ Normandy ] = trilingualism 15th century Death of Chaucer [Phonetic changes & Respellings = Confusion] 1700s Revolution order reform OED Prescriptive grammar Early Modern English 1800s Modern English 2000 Present Day English