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Transcript
2/2/11 Learning Applications and New Directions Applications: Society • Kamikaze pigeons • Walden 2 – Utopia – Scientifically managed • Existing societies are badly managed – Belief in myths • Should apply laws of learning to ourselves Applications: School • Teaching machines and textbooks – Constructed with the laws of learning in mind • Not realized in Skinner’s lifetime • Advances in computer technology make it currently possible – Many applications employ such a design • Not incorporated into the school curriculum 1 2/2/11 Applications: Work • Business managers have capitalized on psychological research – Profit sharing • Effective reinforcement – Desired performance is well defined and achievable – Immediate Applications: Home • Spending behavior is controlled by its consequences – Energy use • Tax policies • Parenting Applications: Dangers • Rewards sometimes carry hidden costs • Overjustification effect – Justifiable activity becomes overjustified by the promise of added reward • Tang & Hall (1995) – Children playing with toys • Grolnick & Ryan (1987) – Teaching and learning • Rewards, rightly administered, have positive effects 2 2/2/11 Cognition in Learning • Motives, cognitions, and expectations appear to influence learning in humans – Cognitive phenomena – Not proper domain of psychology • Skinner – Resisted proposal that cognitive processes have a place in psychology research • Many types of learning can not be explained without resorting to explanations based on cognitive processes Biological Predispositions • Natural predispositions constrain capacity for operant conditioning • Facilitated conditioning – Reinforce natural behaviors Cognitive Maps: Tolman • 3 Conditions – Reinforced on all 10 days – Not reinforced on any day – Not reinforced on any day • 11th Day – Condition 1: reinforced – Condition 2: reinforced – Condition 3: not reinforced 3 2/2/11 Latent Learning • Latent learning – Only becomes apparent when there is some incentive to demonstrate it • Cognitive Map • Learning can occur without reinforcement Observational Learning • Vicarious conditioning – Observe the consequences of another persons behavior • Conditioning by observing another person’s conditioning • Classical and operant conditioning components • Cognitive components Direct Observation • Bandura • Preschool children – Adult abuses Bobo doll • Experimenter frustrates child • Puts child in room with Bobo doll – Child directly mimics adult’s behavior towards doll 4 2/2/11 Indirect Observation Observation: Key processes • Four key processes to observational learning – Attention – Retention – Reproduction – Motivation • Cognitive and conditioning components 5