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The Urinary System Consists of 2 kidneys, Ureter ,Urinary bladder & Urethra The kidney is a bean shaped organ being located retroperitoneally on each side of the the vertebral column from T11- L3.The right one is at lower level than the left one due to liver. Each kidney has 2 poles, 2 margins & 2 surfaces.The medial concave margin has a vertical slit leading to a cavity known as Renal sinus.The slit is the Hilum.At hilum renal A enters,renal V leaves & the expanded upper part of ureter ( renal pelvis ) reaches the kidney.The hilum is at Transpyloric plane.Each kidney is 11 , 6 & 3 cm,while its weight is 120-150 gms. Each kidney has the following coverings: 1-Fibrous capsule 2-Perirenal fat 3-Renal fascia 4-Pararenal fat The kidney has outer cortex & inner medulla.The cortex shows renal columns ,while the medulla contains many pyramids whose apex ( papilla) leads medially to open into the minor calyces.A pyramid capped by the cortex is renal lobe.The renal pelvis enters & divides into 2-3 major calyces & 7-14 minor calyces. The kidney is supplied by renal artery coming from Abdominal Aorta & is drained by renal vein into the inferior vena cava.At the hilum the renal A id divides into anterior & posterior branches ,which in turn gives segmental branches( Renal vascular segmentation of about 5 segments).The lymphatic drains into the Para aortic nodes. The Ureter Is a narrow muscular tube of 25 cm in length & 3 mm in diameter.The upper half runs in the abdomen ,while lower half in the pelvis after crossing the pelvic brim&is retroperitoneal. Near the bladder it is crossed by the ductus deferens from lateral to medial in the male,while in the female runs just behind the Ovary& medially is very close to Uterine A. Along its length has 3 constriction sites ,first as it starts, then as it crosses pelvic brim &finally as it enters the urinary bladder ( intramural course). The Relations of the kidneys are as follows: A-The posterior relations of the kidneys are the same and includes Four muscles on posterior abdominal wall includes Diaphragm, quadratus lumborum,transversus abdominis & psoas major muscles ( most posterior parts of both) Between the kidney & these muscles embedded the subcostal A& nerve in addition to iliohypogastric & ilioinguinal of first lumber nerve . B- The anterior relations of each kidney are as follows : 1-The right kidney we have the R,Suprarenal gland on superomedial aspect, Descending part of Duodenum on the hilum , the Right colic flexure on the inferolateral side ,the coils of small intestine in the inferomedial part & the right lobe of the liver superolaterally 2-The left kidney we have the left suprarenal gland , the tail of pancreas cossing in front of the hilum & part of anterior surface,the just above this area the left kidney is related to the stomach(fundic region ) ,inferolaterally to splenic flexure & inferomedially to the coils of small intestine & superolaterally to the spleen.