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Buddhism Began in India, 6th century BCE. From Hinduism Rejected authority of Vedas and the caste system Salvation based on individual merit “Middle way” between worldliness and asceticism Spread to East & SE Asia But-- Hinduism resurgent in India Founder: Siddhartha Gautama clan 560-480 BCE Son of a raja Grew up surrounded by youth, beauty and health Sheltered from bad sights Eventually saw ugliness of real world Made it impossible to stay in palace Left family and home Search for answers to life’s miseries. Seeking Enlightenment Tried studying philosophy Tried severe asceticism But no satisfaction or enlightenment. Revelation: Tanha (desire) causes karma and binds us to the cycle Desire for enlightenment– just as bad! When stopped desiring it, he found it. First Teachings Avoid extremes— Indulgence and asceticism- Seek the middle way. Anyone can find enlightenment— Any caste, either sex. The soul does not exist. Is actually a combination of mental and physical traits. Formed Sangha (Buddhist monastic order) Five Rules Abstain from: Killing Stealing Lying Improper sexual conduct Partaking of intoxicants “Four Noble Truths” The truth of pain. The truth of the cause of pain: Craving- For pleasure, lust, passion, existence, and/or non-existence. The truth of the cessation of pain: Non-attachment The truth of the way that leads to the cessation of pain: The Eightfold Path “The Eightfold Path” Right views, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration. “The Eightfold Path” Follow this, to break the bonds that tie one to life— Release from the cycle. Extinguishing of tanha (desire, craving) “Nirvana” (“extinguished”) “arhat” (saint)– One who has achieved this. Diverged from Hinduism Did not intend to start new religion. Denied relevance of the gods And of worship or sacrifice. Release depends totally on the works of the individual. Adopted by Emperor Asoka of India. Helped spread it. Divided into two camps 390 BCE: Hinayana Smaller, more conservative Includes “Theravada” Mahayana Larger, More liberal Theravada Buddhism Conservative Closer to Buddha’s teachings? Sri Lanka & SE Asia Do not rely on the gods or any force beyond yourself. Gods, sacrifice, and prayer are of little importance. Monk as ideal figure. A Buddha = anyone who achieves nirvana by own efforts. Have been many Buddhas in past; Many more in future. Jataka Tales: Stories of former lives of Gautama, cultivating moral virtues Subjects of sermons, art, religious texts Wat Buildings Hall for teaching, preaching, meditation Statue of Buddha Altar, candles, incense Living quarters for monks Pagodas Worship or festival centers Visited by laypeople Offerings; pay respect to ideas; dedicate self to quest for spiritual liberation Not to worship Buddha Angkor Wat in Cambodia (12th Century) Theravada meditation Sammatta Intense concentration Open the path to enlightenment Vipassana Insight meditation: Seek the sudden, intuitive realization of Buddhist truths (like Gautama did) Theravada Monks Mahayana Buddhism Believe Buddha had secret teachings he shared with few Allowed for new interpretations of Buddhist concepts Gautama was more than a man Compassionate, eternal, almost divine being Became human to help mankind Many Buddhas besides Gautama. Can appeal for aid to others. Will help with path to enlightenment. Located in different parts of cosmos. Worthy of veneration and respect. Buddhists could study their lives; build temples to them; clergy; ritual, sacrifice, hymns. Essential to spread of Buddhism— Your god could be an incarnation of Buddha. So Buddhism absorbed other religions. In India, Hinduism absorbed Buddhism— Buddha = avatar of Vishnu. Bodhisattvas “future Buddhas” Postponing nirvana until all beings can attain it. Live in heaven, or as human beings. Respond to prayers for help. Seen as saviors; One of the primary objects of devotion. In Kansas City, MO Bodhisattva at Metropolitan Museum of Art Modern interpretation of bodhisattva Bodhisattva tattoo Spread of Mahayana Into China by 3rd Century CE. Korea, Japan, Pacific islands. Different versions developed. Nearly died out in India Absorbed by Hinduism Mahayanist Sects Pure Land Sect Seek rebirth in a “pure land” with no evil Have “Sunday schools” and churches Intuitive Sects Truth of religion only comes in an intuitive flash- Through meditation and sudden insight. Ch’an (China) and Zen (Japan) It is an individual matter– Get little help from others or institutions Intuitive Sects (cont’d) Reason is to be distrusted: Does not lead to truth– People must be deliberately confused to find truth. Zen: use of riddles to confuse the mind and allow for flash of insight. Monks use caffeinated tea to stay awake for meditation Rationalist Sect Use reason and study scriptures. Sociopolitical Sect (Nichiren) Only the Lotus Sutra is correct; All other Buddhists are wrong. Strong Japanese nationalism. Tibetan Buddhism Unique features due to isolation Magical words and spells in tantras (manuals) Tantric Buddhism Seek mystical union with the divine through sexual practices Overindulgence in order to conquer passions Prayer wheels Lamas “superior one” De facto rulers of Tibet Red Hat and Yellow Hat schools Dalai Lama—head of Yellow Hat School Chosen as a child by monks Holy days New Year (April) Buddha’s Birthday (April 8) Festival of Souls Robe Offering New robes (and other gifts) presented to the monks Buddhism Today Growth since Westerners began learning about it Rise of Asian nationalism Pride in their own ideas “Socially Engaged Buddhism” Minimizes sectarian differences Focus on universal teachings such as nonviolence and compassion Resurgence in China Following Communist suppression Growth in America Esp. with immigration from SE Asia due to Vietnam War