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9th World History Ms. Areces Chapter 4 Guided Notes Empires of India and China Section 1: Hinduism and Buddhism The Beliefs of Hinduism Hinduism has no single __________________________ and no singular _________________________________________ o It actually grew out of the ______________________________________ beliefs of the diverse groups who settled India o Probably began with Aryans who added the gods of the Indus Valley o Later, people brought other gods, beliefs, and practices Because of this, Hinduism is one of the most ____________________________ religions in the world o Countless gods and goddesses o Many forms of _____________________________ existing side by side They believe the universe is part of the unchanging, all-powerful spiritual force called ___________________________________________ o It is too complex of a concept for most to understand, so they worship a variety of ______________________________ that give a concrete form to brahman Most important Hindu gods: o Brahma, _______________________________________________ o Vishnu, ________________________________________________ o Shiva, __________________________________________________ Each represents __________________________________ of brahman They take many forms (______________________________ or ___________________________________) and each has a family o Ex: Shakti (wife of Shiva)—both cruel and kind, creator and destroyer Hindu teachings were recorded in texts like the Vedas and Upanishads o Ex: Bhagavad-Gita teaches ethical ideas central to Hinduism Every person has an _____________________________ (essential self) o Just ____________________________________________ for brahman The ultimate goal of existence is to achieve __________________________ (union with brahman) o To do this, individuals must separate themselves from __________________________________________________ that keep them from brahman o Most people cannot reach this in on lifetime, so they believe in _______________________________________________________________ (rebirth of the soul in another bodily form)—it allows them to keep working towards moksha in several lifetimes Hindus believe that a person can come closer to reaching moksha by obeying the laws of ____________________________________ o Refers to all the actions of a person’s life that affect his or her fate in the next life o People who live virtuously earn good karma and are reborn at a _________________________________ level of existence; those who do evil acquire bad karma and are reborn into ___________________________________ To escape this, Hinduism stresses the importance of ____________________________, the religious and moral duties of an individual o Duties vary according to _________________________________________, ________________________________, ________________________________, or _______________________________ o Obeying your dharma gives you merit to your next life Karma and dharma ensure social order by supporting the _____________________________________________________________ Another key concept is _________________________________________ (nonviolence) o All people and things are aspects of brahman and should be respected 500 BC: the teacher Mahavira founded ________________________________________ o A new religion that grew from Hindu traditions o Rejected the idea that Brahmin priests alone could perform religious rites o Emphasis on meditation, self-denial, and extreme form of ahimsa o Ex: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Gautama Buddha: The Enlightened One _______________________________________ founded in the Himalayas by Siddhartha Gautama His early life is a lot _____________________________ o We know that he was born about 566 BC to a high-caste family o His mother had dreams that prophesized that he would be a holy man o To prevent this, his father kept in him in the palace, surrounded by comfort and luxury o Prince Gautama married a beautiful woman, had a son, and enjoyed a happy life One day he saw a sick person, and old person, and a dead body—and became aware of ______________________________________________________________ He left his family and set out to discover “the realm of life where there is neither suffering nor death” He searched out answers from holy people, fasted, meditated One day, he sat under a giant tree and stayed there until he understood the mystery of life o __________________________________ later: he understood and became the Buddha, the “______________________________________________________” He spent the rest of his life teaching others He explained the Four Noble Truths 1. All life is full of _____________________________, _____________________, and ___________________________________ 2. The cause of suffering is the ________________________________________________ that are really illusions, such as riches, power, and long life 3. The only cure for suffering is to _________________________________________________________________ 4. The way to overcome desire is to follow the _________________________________________________________________ Eightfold Path: “right views, right aspirations, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right contemplation” The final goal was to reach ___________________________________, union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth 8fold path was middle ground between a life of ______________________________ and _________________________________________________________ o He stressed honesty, charity, kindness to all living things There are a lot of similarities between Buddhism and Hinduism But Buddha rejected the priests, formal rituals, and many gods of Hinduism o He encouraged enlightenment through meditation o They also rejected the caste system Spread of Buddhism Buddhism attracted a lot of followers Men and women set up monasteries and convents for meditation and study Buddha’s death is also clouded in legend o Ate spoiled food and said to his disciples, “Decay is inherent in all things. Work out your own salvation with diligence” His followers collected teachings into a sacred text called the Tripitaka, or “____________________________________________________________________” Missionaries and traders spread Buddhism across _____________________________ and ________________________________—It then split into two ___________________________ (smaller groups) Theravada Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism Buddhism slowly _________________________________________ in India Hinduism absorbed some Buddhist ideas Buddha became a _________________________________________________