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• CHECK FOR VIDEOS ON THE MARINE WEBPAGE!!! Introduction to the Human Body What factors probably stimulated an early interest in the human body? Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology The Mummy’s Toe - Lived between 1550 and 1300 B.C. in Thebes, Egypt - Right big toe ends in a prosthesis made of wood - Skin and connective tissue grew over prosthesis - What is this evidence of ? Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology The Mummy’s Toe Scientists think the mummy had type 2 diabetes, which can cause poor circulation in the toes. Her toe might have been amputated if gangrene (tissue death) had set in Introduction Our earliest ancestors studied the human body out of curiosity of how their bodies worked They studied how to treat injuries and illnesses Early healers relied on superstitions and magic Later, herbs were used to treat certain ailments Illustration from De Humani Corporis Fabrica by Andreas Vesalius (1543) Introduction - People began observing the world more scientifically, asking questions and seeking answers - Knowledge of human body expanded quickly - New terms to name body parts, describe their locations, and explain their functions and interactions were created - Most medical terms originated from Greek and Latins words Anatomy and Physiology - Anatomy deals with the structure of the body and its parts or what things are called - Physiology studies the functions of these parts (how they work) Anatomy and Physiology - Why is it difficult to separate the topics of anatomy and physiology? - The structures of body parts are closely related with their functions Anatomy and Physiology - A body part’s function depends on the way it is constructed. What is your hand adapted to do? What is your mouth adapted to do? Anatomy and Physiology Study of the human body first began with earliest humans because A) our early ancestors were curious about the world around them. B) they were interested in their body parts and their functions as we are today. C) of their concern with illness and injury. D) they were bored. Anatomy and Physiology Which of the following factors sets the stage for early knowledge of the human body? A) a belief that spirits or gods controlled sickness and health B) the growing experience of medicine men as they treated the sick with herbs and potions C) the development of paper D) the ability to ask questions and record the answers Anatomy and Physiology What languages form the basis of the language of anatomy and physiology? Latin and Greek Anatomy and Physiology The branch of science that deals with the structure of body parts is… Anatomy Anatomy and Physiology The branch of science that deals with how body parts function is Physiology Anatomy and Physiology The function of a part is (always, sometimes, never) related to its structure. Anatomy and Physiology True or False. While knowledge of physiology continues to develop, knowledge of anatomy does not change. List the levels of organization of the body in order of increasing complexity, beginning with the atom. Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Levels of Organization Why is it difficult to separate the topics of anatomy and physiology? Levels of Organization The function of a body part if always related to its structure. Levels of Organization With new tools such as microscopes, scientists discovered larger body structures were made up of smaller ones. Levels of Organization All materials that make up the human body are composed of chemicals. Levels of Organization Chemicals consist of microscopic particles called atoms which join to form molecules, which combine in complex ways to form larger macromolecules Cells Smallest, most basic unit of life. - Each type of specialized cell has its own job to do. - Blood cells carry O2 to all parts of the body - Lung cells make mucus that traps particles and protects the lungs from bacteria and viruses Tissues Groups of cells working together to perform a specialized function Four types of tissue: 1. Epithelial (skin and lining of many organs) 2. Connective (ligaments and tendons) 3. Muscle 4. Nervous Organs A group of tissues working together to perform a similar function Examples: - Heart - Lungs - Liver - Stomach Organ Systems Two or more organs working together Example: - Lungs, sinuses, nasal passages, pharynx, and larynx make up your respiratory system Organism Together, all of the organ systems make up an organism Characteristics of Life Humans share many characteristics with other organisms, particularly animals. Characteristics of Life The 10 major characteristics of life: 1. Movement 2. Responsiveness 3. Growth 4. Reproduction 5. Digestion 6. Absorption 7. Assimilation – changing substances into chemically different forms 8. Circulation 9. Respiration – (use of oxygen; removal of CO2) 10.Excretion Characteristics of Life What is metabolism and what does it enable us to do? Metabolism is the sum total of chemical reactions in the body that break substances down and build them up. The reactions of metabolism help us get and use the energy to fuel life processes. How can you get a fast metabolism? • Exercise and activity! • Your metabolism rate is directly linked to how active you are. • Your metabolic rate is how rapidly and efficiently you pull and use energy obtained by foods. • People who are active throughout the day have higher metabolisms than those who are less active. What is homeostasis? the regulation and maintenance of the internal environment — temperature, fluids, salts, pH, nutrients, and gases—within the narrow ranges that support human life. Maintenance of Life • Life depends on five (5) environmental factors: • Water • Food • Oxygen • Heat • Pressure 33 Requirements of Organisms • Water - most abundant substance in body - makes up about 60-70% of body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature • Food - provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials 34 Requirements of Organisms • Oxygen (gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients • Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions • Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing 35 Homeostasis is . . . the regulation and maintenance of the internal environment — temperature, fluids, salts, pH, nutrients, and gases—within the narrow ranges that support human life. Control Systems in the Body • Internal control systems require sensors, a control center, communication systems, and targets. Sensors Sensors (receptors) gather information about conditions inside and outside of the body. Control Systems in the Body Control Center/Set Point - The brain receives info from the sensors. - Then compares that info to the ideal values - When conditions move above or below a set point, the control center responds by sending messages through a communication system. Control Systems in the Body Communication Systems - Nervous system and the endocrine system carry messages to all parts of the body - Messages are in the form of nerve impulses or hormones - Tell targets in the body how to respond to internal or external changes Control Systems in the Body Effectors/Targets - A target is any organ, tissue, or cell that changes its level of activity in response to a message. - Example: In a cold environment, a message might cause the muscles to start shivering to generate more body heat. Feedback Loops • Sensors, control centers, communication systems, and targets working together make up a Feedback Loop • Feedback - information from sensors that allows a control center to compare current conditions to a set of ideal values. • In a feedback loop, information moves continuously among sensors, a control center, and a target. Integrator - control center Effector - Target Negative feedback loops • Almost all functions in the body are regulated by negative feedback loops. What is negative feedback? • Negative feedback – sends instructions to a target to counteract changes • The target responds to bring conditions back to normal • Example: Thermostat's response causes temperature decrease to reverse and become a temperature increase • Example: Shivering in response to cold weather Explain how the thermostat in our classroom is like a negative feedback loop. • • • • • A sensor in the thermostat continuously measures air temperature in a room. A control mechanism then compares the current room temperature to a set point, say 70˚F. When the temperature falls below 70˚F, the thermostat sends an electronic message that turns on the furnace. When the sensor indicates the air temperature is at or just above 70˚F, the thermostat sends another message that turns off the furnace. As a result, the room always stays within a few degrees of the desired temperature. What does your body do if: You get too cold? Blood flow decreases. Tiny muscles contract the pores and skin around body hairs to conserve heat. What does your body do if: You get too hot? Blood flow to the skin increases. Tiny muscles expand the pores. Sweat glands release water to cool the body. What does your body do if: Your blood pressure is too high? Brain tells heart chambers to contract more slowly and with less force, decreasing heart action, blood flow, and thus the pressure inside the blood vessels What does your body do if: Your blood pressure is too low? Brains tells heart to contract more rapidly and with greater force to increase the pressure in the blood vessels. Positive Feedback • In some cases, the body needs change to accomplish a specific task. What is positive feedback? Sensory information causes the body to increase the rate of change away from homeostasis, to produce more chaos in the body Positive feedback loops need to be 'broken' when they have served their purpose Example: Thermostat's response to a dropping temperature was to switch on the air conditioner (chiller). How is positive feedback involved in clotting our blood when we cut our finger? • Positive feedback mechanisms increase the clotting factors in your blood until the wound has sealed. • The body is moving further away from its ideal conditions, for a short time. Questions to see if you understand: When a pregnant women goes into labor, the contractions usually get closer and closer together as time goes on, and more intense. Is this negative or positive feedback? Positive Feedback Fetus's head moves into birth canal at start of labor, which causes the birth canal to stretch beyond its setpoint amount of stretch, which is detected by sensors in the vaginal wall and fed back to hypothalamus of brain, which releases the hormone, oxytocin, which stimulates stronger and more frequent uterine contractions, which pushes the fetus, which causes more vaginal stretch, which produces more OT, and so on -- greatly amplifying and speeding up labor contractions Broken when baby is born (no more stretch, thank goodness!!) The body is deviating further away from homeostasis Questions to see if you understand: When you ride a bike and make adjustments to balance the bike, is this positive or negative feedback? Negative Feedback You are trying to help your bike maintain homeostasis (balance) Questions to see if you understand: Why are most functions of your body regulated by negative feedback, not positive feedback? Negative feedback loops help your body to maintain homeostasis. They work to bring the body back to its normal conditions. Positive feedback loops on the other hand, move the body’s conditions further away from the ideal conditions. Suppose you are caught out in the rain and get drenched and cold. Which type of feedback loop would cause your body to start shivering to keep warm? Negative Feedback Your brain is sending instructions to your muscles, causing them to shiver and generate heat that will help raise your body temperature and bring conditions back to normal. Organ Systems Name each organ system (there are 11 total) Organ Systems 1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 6. Digestive 7. Respiratory 8. Circulatory 9. Lymphatic 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive Also called Circulatory System Major Organs: Heart, blood vessels, blood Functions: Transports gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes Major Organs: Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine Function: Break down food molecules into simpler forms Major Organs: Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, thymus Function: Secrete hormones to stimulate the metabolic activities of the cells. Also known as Urinary System Major Organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra Function: Remove wastes from blood, help maintain body’s water and salt concentrations Also known as Lymphatic System Major Organs: lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen Function: Defends body against all foreign substances Major Organs: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands Function: Protects underlying tissues, helps regulate body temperature and contains sensory receptors Major Organs: Muscles Function: Movement, posture, and provide body heat Major Organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves Function: Carries messages (nerve impulse) throughout the body Major Organs: Ovaries, uterus, vagina (female) Testes, prostate gland, penis (male) Function: Allows for continuation of the human species Major Organs: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Function: Move air in and out and exchange gases between blood and air Major Organs: Bones, ligaments, cartilage Function: Support, gives us our shape