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The Civil War Geography of the North • Climate – frozen winters; hot/humid summers • Natural features: − coastline: bays and harbors – fishermen, shipbuilding (i.e. Boston) − inland: rocky soil – farming hard; turned to trade and crafts (timber for shipbuilding) Differences Between the North and South Geography of the South • Climate – mild winters; long, hot, humid summers • Natural features: − coastline: swamps and marshes (rice & sugarcane, fishing) − inland: indigo, tobacco, & corn − Towns follow rivers inland! Economy of the North Economy of the South • MORE Cities & Factories • Agriculture: Plantations and Slaves • Industrial Revolution: Introduction of the Machine − products were made cheaper and faster − shift from skilled crafts people to less skilled laborers − Economy BOOST!!! − White Southerners made living off the land − Cotton Kingdom – Eli Whitney •cotton made slavery more important •cotton spread west, so slavery increases 1 Transportation of the North Transportation of the South • National Road – better roads; inexpensive way to deliver products • WATER! Southern rivers made water travel easy and cheap (i.e. Mississippi) • Ships & Canals – river travels fast; steamboat (i.e. Erie Canal) • Southern town sprang up along waterways • Railroad – steam-powered machine (fastest transportation and travels across land) Society of the North – industrial, urban life Society of the South – agrarian, rural life • Maine to Iowa • Black Northerners − free but not equal (i.e. segregation) − worked as laborers & servants • White Northerners − most lived on farms − children expected to help with harvesting − cities next to factories or RR tracks • Maryland to Florida & west to Texas • Black Southerners − small minority free (live separate, wear special badges) – skilled crafts people or servants − slaves – cooks, carpenters, blacksmiths, nurse maids/nannies, MOST field hands • White Southerners − measured wealth in terms of land & slaves Abolitionist Movement HOWEVER… Female abolitionists: • Abolitionists – wanted to end slavery • tried to convince lawmakers to make slavery illegal • both blacks & whites worked in Abolition Movement • raised money for suffrage movement − William Lloyd Garrison – “Liberator” (white) − Frederick Douglass – “North Star” (black) • spoke out against slave beatings 2 The Underground Railroad Women’s Suffrage • a series of escape routes running from South to North • Fighting Slavery: Women get involved • traveled by night; hid/rested in stations • conductors – people who led runaways to freedom − Harriet Tubman Seneca Falls: The Declaration of Sentiments • 1848 – almost 300 people, including 40 men, arrived for the Convention • People there: Abolitionists, Quakers, Housewives, etc. • Dec. of Sent. – proposal for women’s rights – modeled after Dec. of Ind. • Inspired by Second Great Awakening – religious reform movement; good works get you to heaven • Anti – slavery fight helped pave way for women’s suffrage (right to vote) The Legacy of Seneca Falls • created organization among women • established awareness of women suffrage • Sojourner Truth – “Aint I a woman?” – awareness of black women − it listed acts of tyranny by men over women The Legacy of Seneca Falls (cont.) Women (at this time) • Elizabeth Cady Stanton – organized Seneca Falls Convention, concerned with voting rights • Could not hold office; only white men • Susan B. Anthony – built movement into national organization, concerned with women getting equal treatment in work place. • Could not control their own money or property (fathers or husbands controlled it) • Could not practice professions (i.e. medicine or law) • Would be disciplined by males 3 Intro to the Civil War: Immediate Causes SIDES • Election of Lincoln as President • NORTH: Union • Secession of southern states • SOUTH: Confederacy Issues Leading to the Civil War Northwest Ordinance 1787 • Southerners threaten secession to get what they want!!! • All states North of Ohio River = FREE • Balance of Power in Congress: 1840’s Southerners want to extend slavery into new territories • All states South of Ohio River = SLAVE Add a picture here. Missouri Compromise: attempt to keep equal number of slave & free states •Southern states threatened to break (secede) from Union if Missouri became a “free” free” state •So… So… Missouri = slave; Maine = free •36’ 36’30 parallel – North of it free, South of it slave Compromise of 1850 • California = free state; New Mexico & Utah = slave state • Passed a stricter Fugitive Slave Law – returning slaves to their owners when they would run away • Southerners threaten secession if Fugitive Slave Law not enforced − wasn’t wasn t enforced •kept Union together; but no one happy # of slave and free states EQUAL! 4 Harriet Beecher Stowe • Uncle Tom’s Tom s Cabin • book that turned many Northerners against slavery • author scorned by South Kansas-Nebraska ACT Dred Scott Case • cancelled Missouri Compromise • slave from Missouri who was taken to Wisconsin (a free state) • allow settlers to decide issue of slavery − popular sovereignty – rule by the people − North = upset, South = happy • struggle over slavery turned violent − “Bleeding Bleeding Kansas” Kansas – violence between pro and anti slavery forces 5th Amendment • sued to gain freedom when returning to Missouri • said he was made free in Wisconsin • Decision of case: − 1. Slaves are PROPERTY not citizens! (no right to sue..) − 2. Fugitive Slave law must be enforced − 3. Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional Republican Party • slaves are property – Scott was a slave • new party formed • Property cannot be taken away without due process • believed no man can own another • South = happy; North = mad • nominated Abraham Lincoln for Illinois Senator he lost 5 Abraham Lincoln John Brown • did not want Union divided over slavery • Abolitionist (Radical) • slavery is a moral issue, not a legal one • wanted weapons to arm slaves for rebellion • Raided Harpers Ferry in Virginia, plan to seize guns • all men caught, tried, hanged • not an abolitionist but wanted to stop slavery from spreading into new territories • Northerners outraged • Southerners alarmed • increase tension between North & South Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858 Senate Campaign) • Lincoln’s views on slavery: It should not be allowed to spread! • Stephen Douglas: believed each state should decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery Presidential Election of 1860 • Lincoln won • Election results made it clear: the nation no longer wanted compromise • Now 18 free states, 15 slave states • South is upset! Secession Fort Sumter • South saw Lincoln as an abolitionist • 1861 • South Carolina – first state to break away from Union • Southerners captured federal fort for weapons • no one killed, but surrendered to South 6 Confederacy Established… Intro to the Civil War: Long Term Causes • 1861 • Conflict over slavery in territories • seceding states formed a new nation, the Confederate States of America, with its president = Jefferson Davis • Compromise failure in Congress (i.e. Missouri Compromise) • Economic differences − South – needed slaves − North – want to end slavery Emancipation Proclamation • During the Civil War, Lincoln freed all the slaves in states that were rebelling • exception: slaves in South Carolina remained slaves − political move Effects of the Civil War Amendments from the Civil War • Abolition of slavery • 13th – outlawed slavery • Devastation to the South • 14th – made slaves (freedmen) citizens • Reconstruction of the South • 15th – gave all citizens (freedmen) the right to vote • Nation reunited • Boom of Industry • Federal Authority dominant 7 CIVIL WAR: the bloodiest war in American History NORTH • NORTH: UNION • STRENGTHS • WEAKNESSES • President – Abraham Lincoln • More people than South • Military Leaders − 1/3 of nation’s military officers returned to the South − Many remaining officers too old for combat • Soldiers – “Yankees” • Commanding General – Ulysses S. Grant • 90% of nation’s manufacturing in North • more RR tracks (will become nation’s biggest business post-civil war) • Must invade South South: Confederacy SOUTH • President – Jefferson Davis • STRENGTHS • WEAKNESSES • Soldiers – Rebels • Fighting a defensive battle • Commanding General –Robert E. Lee • Great Military Leaders • Economy: − wealth in land & slaves − Few factories to produce guns and military supplies • Transportation Problem = − lacked RR network & transportation Anaconda Plan • Capture Richmond, VA - capital of Confederacy; destroy rebel government • Gain control of Mississippi River = separates the Confederacy (can’t travel or trade) • Union blockade of Southern coastal ports − Northern strategy that prevented cotton & other products from being exported to Britain and France − Weakened Southern economy 8 BATTLES of the Civil War BULL RUN (VA) • 1st major battle of the Civil War • Stonewall Jackson stopped Union troops • Southern Victory • Rose Greenhow – spy for South − Union plan to capture Richmond Fort Wagner (SC) Antietam (MD) • (Union) Massachusetts 54th Regiment – 1st black regiment (“Glory”) • Bloodiest day • heavy losses • 6000 died, 17000 injured • No one won (but South will claim they did) • Southern Victory Battle of Shiloh (TN) Vicksburg (MS) • Ulysses S. Grant led advance in south; he refused to retreat & WON • Fought for control of Mississippi River • U.S. army = 13,000 losses • Union Victory: captured the Mississippi River and managed to divide the Confederate states • C.S. army = 10,000 losses • Gave the Union access to Mississippi River & the eventual blockade 9 Sherman’s March • TOTAL WAR! • Goal: to destroy all supplies in the South Gettysburg (PA) • *Turning point for Union − last Confederate attack on the North • Pickett’s charge – Northern most point reached by South • Such devastation that Lincoln addresses the nation (i.e. Gettysburg Address) Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met here on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of it as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. Appomatox (VA) • Surrender of Confederacy (April 9, 1865) • Lee surrendered to Grant • Men treated very well (none murdered, all are soldiers) But in a larger sense we can not dedicate - we can not consecrate - we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled, here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but can never forget what they did here. President Abraham Lincoln Figure It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they have, thus far, so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom; and that this government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 10 Consequences of the Civil WAR New realities of War: • New weaponry − rifles replaced muskets − improved cannons & artillery − infantry assaults more deadly • Medical care poor (no understanding of causes of infections) − More soldiers died of diseases than wounds − 220,000 Union died in hospital vs.140,000 died in battlefields Outcomes of the War • Drafts − started during Civil War • Changed how Americans thought about their nation − union as a whole, not individual states • Helped federal govt. expand − federal govt. stronger than state govt. • Spurred industry − petroleum, steel, food processing, manufacturing Reconstruction 1865-1877 • rebuilding the South • bringing the South back into the Union 11 Lincoln’s Assassination Lincoln…Johnson’s Plan • April 14, 1865 (5 days after the war ended) • President Andrew Johnson granted amnesty to all white southerners, except leaders • Lincoln = first president to be assassinated • Assassinated at Ford’s Theater in D.C. • by John Wilkes Booth – Confederate supporter – who hoped this would create chaos within govt. and help Confed. win war! • Right to vote to all blacks who were educated or served in military • 10% Plan − when 10% of voters of state took a loyalty oath, state could form a new govt. with new constitution (without slavery) Struggle for control of Reconstruction Struggle for control of Reconstruction • Battle between President Johnson and Congress • Congress enacts bills to help freedmen (14th Amend., Freedmens’ Bureau, and Reconstruction Act of 1867) • Johnson’s policy = easy on the south: amnesty −Ex: black codes (control former slaves/restrict freedom) Impeachment of Johnson Civil War Amendments • Johnson was 1st President impeached by Congress because of his ideas on Reconstruction & his “slap on the wrist” actions • 13th – freed the slaves • 14th – gave all freed men citizenship • 15th – gave all citizens the right to vote (not women) • Not convicted & stayed in office 12 Jim Crow Laws Ku Klux Klan (KKK) • Laws enforcing segregation of blacks & whites in South after Civil War • White Supremacist organization set up in South to scare blacks away from voting & seeking equal rights • claimed to be “the Ghosts of the Confederate Soldiers” • Segregation & Oppression continue Freedmen’s Bureau Scalawags • Govt. agency to help former enslaved people • Southerners who sided with the Republicans & their policies for Reconstruction Carpetbaggers Compromise of 1877 • Northerners who settled in the South after the war • Debate on presidential election between Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) & Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat) • Supported the Republicans • Hayes would get presidency IF… − Republicans agreed to withdraw remaining fed. troops from the south − Because they leave, Reconstruction comes to an end! 13