Download Performance Enhancing Drugs Creatine Risks

General Terms
Substance Abuse: any unnecessary or improper use
of a chemical substance for non-medical purposes
Illegal Drugs: a chemical substance that people of
any age may not lawfully manufacture, possess,
buy, or sell.
Illicit Drug Use: the use or sale of any substance that
is illegal.
Overdose: a strong or sometimes fatal reaction to
taking a drug.
Addiction: a physiological or psychological
dependence on a drug.
Tolerance: a condition in which the body becomes
accustomed to the drug and causes the user to
experience a need for more of the drug to achieve
the desired effect.
Psychological Dependence: a condition that develops
over time and causes a person to believe that a
drug is needed to function normally.
Physiological Dependence: a condition in which the
user develops a chemical need for a drug.
Symptoms of withdrawal occur when the effects of
the drug wear off.
Psychoactive Drugs
 Chemicals that affect the central nervous system.
 Narcotics, Stimulants, Depressants, and
Hallucinogens.
 Narcotics, Stimulants, Depressants have medical
value while hallucinogens do not.
Psychoactive Drugs
 Stimulants speed up the body
 Narcotics relieve pain
 Depressants slow down the body
 Hallucinogen alter perception (time, sight, touch,
smell…)
Hallucinogens
 LSD: First synthesized LSD in 1938.
 LSD is sold as tablets, capsules, and
occasionally in liquid form
 Is often added to absorbent paper and divided
into small decorated squares
Hallucinogens (LSD)
 Schedule I
 Street names: Acid, micro-dots,
 Effects: alters personality, mood, and
expectations. Lasts up to 12 hours. LSD
users often have flashbacks. In addition,
LSD users may develop long-lasting
psychoses, such as schizophrenia or severe
depression
 Pictures
Hallucinogens
 PCP (Phencyclidine)
 Street names: PCP, Angel Dust, Supergrass,
Killer Weed.
 PCP is most commonly sold as a powder or
liquid.
 Hallucinogens
 PCP (Phencyclidine)
 PCP may be snorted, smoked, injected, or
swallowed
 Numbness, slurred speech, loss of
coordination, rapid and involuntary eye
movements
 Auditory hallucinations, image distortion,
severe mood disorders, amnesia,
 PCP use is associated with a number of risks
and many believe it to be one of the most
dangerous drugs of abuse
Heroin
 Illegal & highly addictive drug. It is both the most
abused and the most rapidly acting of the opiates.
Heroin is processed from morphine. Heroin can be
injected, smoked, or sniffed/snorted
 Schedule: I
 Street names: Smack, thunder, hell dust, big H, nose
drops
 Harmful effects: collapsed veins, infection of the
heart lining and valves, abscesses, cellulites, and
liver disease
 Pictures
Predatory Drugs
Drugs used to take advantage of someone.
(Rape in most cases)
 GHB (gamma hydroxybutyric acid)
 Rohypnol
Predatory Drugs
 GHB (gamma hydroxybutyric acid)
 Street Names: Liquid Ecstasy,
Scoop, Georgia Home Boy, Liquid
X.
 An odorless, colorless liquid form
GHB
 Usually ingested in a liquid
mixture; most commonly mixed
with alcohol
 GHB has become popular among
teens and young adults at dance
clubs and "raves."
 Body builders sometimes use GHB
for its alleged anabolic effects
GHB
 In lower doses, GHB causes
drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, and
visual disturbances.
 At higher dosages,
unconsciousness, seizures, severe
respiratory depression, and coma
can occur.
Rohypnol
 Street Names : Mexican Valium,
roophies.
 Rohypnol is usually taken orally in
pill form, but can also be crushed
and snorted
 Rohypnol continues to be abused
among teenagers and young adults,
usually at raves and nightclubs.
Rohypnol
 One of the significant effects of the
drug is drug amnesia, a factor that
strongly contributed to its
inclusion in the Drug-Induced Rape
Prevention and Punishment Act of
1996. Amnesia is a condition in
which events that occurred while
under the influence of the drug are
forgotten.
Cocaine
 Cocaine is a powerfully addictive
stimulant. Cocaine is one of the
oldest known drugs.
 Street names: Blow, nose candy,
snowball.
 Harmful effects: Increased heart
rate, irritability, restlessness, and
paranoia
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Methamphetamines
 A highly addictive drug with potent
central nervous system stimulant
properties
 The drug has limited medical uses
for the treatment of narcolepsy,
attention deficit disorders, and
obesity.
 Schedule II
Methamphetamines
 Street Names: Speed, Meth, Ice,
Crystal.
 Effects: As a powerful stimulant,
methamphetamine, even in small
doses, can increase wakefulness
and physical activity and decrease
appetite.
Methamphetamines
 Abusers exhibit symptoms that can include
violent behavior, anxiety, confusion, and
insomnia. They also can display a number of
psychotic features, including paranoia, auditory
hallucinations, mood disturbances, and delusions
(for example, the sensation of insects creeping
on the skin, which is called “formication”). The
paranoia can result in homicidal as well as
suicidal thoughts.
Marijuana
 Marijuana is the most commonly abused
illicit drug in the United States. A dry,
shredded green/brown mix of flowers, stems,
seeds, and leaves of the plant Cannabis
sativa, it usually is smoked as a cigarette
(joint, nail), or in a pipe (bong). It also is
smoked in blunts, which are cigars that have
been emptied of tobacco and refilled with
marijuana, often in combination with another
drug. It might also be mixed in food or
brewed as a tea
 Street names: Grass, pot, weed, bud, Mary
Jane, dope.
Marijuana
 Within a few minutes after inhaling marijuana
smoke, an individual’s heart begins beating more
rapidly
 As THC enters the brain, it causes a user to feel
euphoric— or “high”—by acting in the brain’s
reward system
 A marijuana user may experience pleasant
sensations, colors and sounds may seem more
intense, and time appears to pass very slowly
Marijuana
 Occasionally, marijuana use produces anxiety,
fear, distrust, or panic.
 Someone who smokes marijuana regularly may
have many of the same respiratory problems
that tobacco smokers do, such as daily cough
and phlegm production, more frequent acute
chest illnesses, a heightened risk of lung
infections
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Marijuana
 Cancer of the respiratory tract and lungs may
also be promoted by marijuana smoke. Marijuana
smoke contains 50 percent to 70 percent more
carcinogenic hydrocarbons than does tobacco
smoke
 Marijuana's damage to short-term memory
seems to occur because THC alters the way in
which information is processed by the
hippocampus, a brain area responsible for
memory formation.
MDMA (Ecstasy)
 MDMD is a synthetic, psychoactive drug
chemically similar to the stimulant
methamphetamine and the hallucinogen
mescaline. MDMA is an illegal drug that acts as
both a stimulant and hallucinogen, producing an
energizing effect, as well as distortions in time
and perception and enhanced enjoyment from
tactile (touch) experiences.
MDMA (Ecstasy)
 Street Names: Ecstasy, XTC, E, X
 Schedule I
 MDMA can interfere with the body’s ability to
regulate temperature. This can lead to a sharp
increase in body temperature (hyperthermia),
resulting in liver, kidney, and cardiovascular
system failure, and death
MDMA (Ecstasy)
 Long term effects: Brain damage, as well as
impaired thought, judgment and mood.
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Inhalants
•Inhalants are a diverse group of substances that
include volatile solvents, gases, and nitrites that are
sniffed, snorted, huffed, or bagged to produce
intoxicating effects similar to alcohol.
•These substances are found in common household
products like glues, lighter fluid, cleaning fluids, and
paint products
Inhalants
•Affects: Use of inhalants has been associated with
serious health problems. Sniffing glue and paint
thinner causes kidney abnormalities, while sniffing
the solvents toluene and trichloroethylene cause liver
damage. Memory impairment, attention deficits, and
diminished non-verbal intelligence have been related
to the abuse of inhalants. Deaths resulting from heart
failure, asphyxiation, or aspiration have occurred.
Inhalants
•Most inhalants act directly on the central
nervous system (CNS) to produce psychoactive,
or mind-altering, effects. They have short-term
effects similar to anesthetics, which slow the
body's functions
•Alcohol-like effects may include slurred speech,
an inability to coordinate movements, euphoria,
and dizziness. In addition, users may experience
lightheadedness, hallucinations, and delusions.
Performance Enhancing Drugs
 Androstenedione
 What is it?
Androstenedione (andro) is a hormone produced by the
adrenal glands, ovaries and testes. It's a hormone that's
normally converted to testosterone and in both men and
women.
 Andro is available in prescription and nonprescription
forms. The prescription version is a controlled substance.
Andro is also sold without a prescription as a nutritional
supplement. Manufacturers and bodybuilding magazines
tout its ability to allow athletes to train harder and recover
more quickly. However, its use as a performance-enhancing
drug is illegal in the United States.
Performance Enhancing Drugs
 Androstenedione
 Risks
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Side effects of andro in men include:
Acne
Diminished sperm production
Shrinking of the testicles
Enlargement of the breasts
In women, side effects include:
Acne
Masculinization, such as deepening of the voice and male-pattern
baldness
In both men and women, andro can decrease HDL cholesterol (the
"good" cholesterol), which puts you at greater risk of heart attack and
stroke.
Performance Enhancing Drugs
 Human growth hormone
 What is it?
Human growth hormone, also known as gonadotropin, is a
hormone that has an anabolic effect. Athletes take it to
improve muscle mass and performance. However, it hasn't
been shown conclusively to improve either strength or
endurance. It is available only by prescription and is
administered
Performance Enhancing Drugs
 Human growth hormone
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Adverse effects related to human growth hormone range in severity and
may include:
Joint pain
Muscle weakness
Fluid retention
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Impaired glucose regulation
Cardiomyopathy
Hyperlipidemia
Performance Enhancing Drugs
 Erythropoietin
 What is it?
Erythropoietin is a type of hormone used to treat anemia in
people with severe kidney disease. It increases production
of red blood cells and hemoglobin, resulting in improved
movement of oxygen to the muscles. Epoetin, a synthetic
form of erythropoietin, is commonly used by endurance
athletes.
 Risks
Erythropoietin use among competitive cyclists was
common in the 1990s and allegedly contributed to at least
18 deaths. Inappropriate use of erythropoietin may increase
the risk of thrombotic events, such as stroke, heart attack
and pulmonary edema.
Performance Enhancing Drugs
 Stimulants
 What are they?
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Some athletes use stimulants to stimulate the central nervous system
and increase heart rate and blood pressure.
Stimulants can:
Improve endurance
Reduce fatigue
Suppress appetite
Increase alertness and aggressiveness
Common stimulants include caffeine and amphetamines. Cold
remedies often contain the stimulants ephedrine or pseudoephedrine
hydrochloride. The street drugs cocaine and methamphetamine also
are stimulants
Performance Enhancing Drugs
 Stimulants
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Although stimulants can boost physical performance and promote
aggressiveness on the field, they have side effects that can impair
athletic performance.
Nervousness and irritability make it hard to concentrate on the game.
Insomnia can prevent an athlete from getting needed sleep.
Dehydration
Heatstroke
Athletes may become psychologically addicted or develop a tolerance
so that they need greater amounts to achieve the desired effect,
meaning they'll take doses that are much higher than the intended
medical dose.
Performance Enhancing Drugs
 Stimulants
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Other side effects include:
Heart palpitations
Heart rhythm abnormalities
Weight loss
Tremors
Mild hypertension
Hallucinations
Convulsions
Stroke
Heart attack and other circulatory problems
Performance Enhancing Drugs
 Creatine
 What is it?
Many athletes take nutritional supplements instead of or in
addition to performance-enhancing drugs. Supplements
are available over-the-counter as powders or pills.
 The most popular supplement among athletes is probably
creatine monohydrate. Creatine is a naturally occurring
compound produced by your body that helps your muscles
release energy.
Performance Enhancing Drugs
 Creatine
 Scientific research indicates that creatine may have some
athletic benefit by producing small gains in short-term
bursts of power.
 There's no evidence, however, that creatine enhances
performance in aerobic or endurance sports
 Your liver produces about 0.07 ounces (2 grams) of creatine
each day. You also get creatine from the meat in your diet.
Creatine is stored in your muscles, and levels are relatively
easily maintained. Because your kidneys remove excess
creatine, the value of supplements to someone who already
has adequate muscle creatine content is questionable.
Performance Enhancing Drugs
 Creatine
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Supplements are considered food and not drugs by the FDA. This
means supplement manufacturers are not required to conform to the
same standards as drug manufacturers do. In some cases, supplements
have been found to be contaminated with other substances, which may
inadvertently lead to a positive test for performance-enhancing drugs.
Possible side effects of creatine that can decrease athletic performance
include:
Stomach cramps
Muscle cramps
Nausea
Diarrhea
Weight gain
Performance Enhancing Drugs
 Creatine
 Weight gain is sought after by athletes who want to increase their size.
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But with prolonged creatine use, weight gain is more likely the result of
water retention than an increase in muscle mass. Water is drawn into
your muscle tissue, away from other parts of your body. This puts you at
risk of dehydration.
High-dose creatine use may potentially damage your:
Kidneys
Liver
It appears safe for adults to use creatine at the doses recommended by
manufacturers. But it's unknown what kind of effect taking creatine
has over the long term, especially in teens and children.
Performance Enhancing Drugs
 Anabolic steroids
 What are they?
Some athletes take a form of steroids — known as anabolic-androgen
steroids or just anabolic steroids — to increase their muscle mass and
strength. The main anabolic steroid hormone produced by your body is
testosterone.
 Testosterone has two main effects on your body:
 Anabolic effects promote muscle building.
 Androgenic effects are responsible for male traits, such as facial hair
and a deeper voice.
Performance Enhancing Drugs
 Anabolic steroids
 Anabolic steroids come with serious physical side effects as well.
 Men may develop:
 Prominent breasts
 Baldness
 Shrunken testicles
 Infertility
 Women may develop:
 A deeper voice
 An enlarged clitoris
 Increased body hair
 Baldness
Performance Enhancing Drugs
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Anabolic steroids
Both men and women might experience:
Severe acne
Increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture
Liver abnormalities and tumors
Increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (the "bad"
cholesterol)
Decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (the "good"
cholesterol)
Hypertension
Heart and circulatory problems
Aggressive behaviors, rage or violence
Psychiatric disorders, such as depression
Infections or diseases such as HIV or hepatitis if you're injecting the drugs
Inhibited growth and development, and risk of future health problems in
teenagers