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Module 29: Introduction to Psychological Disorders Objectives: 1. Define what a psychological disorder is and the criteria used to judge psychologically disordered behaviors. 2. Explain the development and influence of the medical model of psychological disorders. 3. Discuss the different components of the biopsychosocial approach to psychological disorders. 4. Explain the purpose, uses, and criticisms of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). 5. Discuss the benefit and potential dangers of diagnostic labels. Vocabulary: psychological disorder medical model bio-psycho-social model Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) Philippe Pinel (1745-1826 A. Defining Disorder Psychological Disorder •A “harmful dysfunction” in which behaviors are maladaptive, unjustifiable, disturbing, and atypical Maladaptive •An exaggeration of normal, acceptable behaviors •Destructive to oneself or others Unjustifiable •A behavior which does not have a rational basis Disturbing •A behavior which is troublesome to other people Atypical •A behavior so different from other people’s behavior that it violates a norm •Norms vary from culture to culture MUDA •A mnemonic device used to remember the four attributes of a psychological disorder –Maladaptive –Unjustifiable –Disturbing –Atypical B. Understanding Disorders Early Views of Mental Illness •In ancient times, mental illness was usually explained through a supernatural model; the person was possessed or a sinner •During the Middle Ages treatment methods were inhumane and cruel Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) •French physician who worked to reform the treatment of people with mental disorders •Encouraged more humane treatment The Medical Model •Concept that mental illnesses have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured. •Psychological disorders can be diagnosed based on their symptoms and treated or cured through therapy. •Psychological disorders are similar to a physical illness. The Bio-Psycho-Social Model Bio-Psycho-Social Model •Contemporary perspective that assumes biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders C. Classifying Disorders DSM-IV-TR •Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fourth Edition •The text of the DSM-IV was recently revised, hence “TR” at the end DSM-IV-TR Published by the American Psychiatric Association •Lists and describes all the currently accepted categories of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR •Divides mental disorders into 17 major categories •Includes the symptoms but not the causes of each disease •Has changed significantly since the first edition D. Labeling Disorders Labeling Stigmas •Studies show a clear bias against people diagnosed with mental disorders.