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Introduction to the Nervous System Guided Notes 1. _________________ are masses of nerve cells that transmit information. All neurons contain three main components: (1) _______ _______________ – contains the nucleus and two extensions, (2) ___________________ – shorter, more numerous, receive information, and (3) ____________ – single long “fiber” which conducts impulse away from the cell body, sends information. 2. Speed of an impulse is proportionate to the of the diameter = faster speed. Myelinated Axons conduct faster than unmyelinated ones. AXON. Greater 3. Each synaptic terminal is part of a _________________, a specialized site where the neuron communicates with another cell. Two cells meet at every synapse: 1) ___________________ cell – ___________ the message 2) ___________________ cell – _____________ the message 4. Communication between cells at the synapse occurs by releasing chemicals called _______________________________. Neurotransmitters are packaged in _______________________, and are released by the presynaptic cell (neuron) and received by the postsynaptic cell (neuron, muscle, gland). 5. There are three basic functions of the nervous system. (1) ___________________ – gathers information (2) ______________________ – information is brought together (3) _________________ – responds to signals to maintain homeostasis 6. There are two divisions of the nervous system: (1) _________________ Nervous System (CNS) – includes ________________ and ______________ cord (2) __________________ Nervous System (PNS) – includes _________________ of the body. This includes ____ pairs of spinal nerves and _____ pairs of cranial nerves 7. CNS neuroglial cells function as ___________________ cells for the neurons. There are four main types of neuroglial cells found in the CNS: (1) __________________ cells - Found scattered throughout the nervous system. _______________ numerous and smallest neuroglia in the CNS. They function to _______________ debris or bacteria. Microglial cells respond to immunological alarms! (2) ___________________________ - Wraps around the axon, forming concentric layers of cell membrane called __________________. This wrapping ______________________ the speed at which the action potential travels along the axon. (3) ______________________ - Astrocytes connect _____________ _______________ to the ___________________. They are the largest and most numerous neuroglia in the CNS. They are responsible for: (1) Maintaining the ___________________________ barrier (2) ___________________ damaged neural tissue (3) Guide ________________ development (4) ____________________ Cells - Ependymal cells form a __________________________ that lines the ventricles (chambers) of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. They assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring of ________________________ fluid. 8. Within the peripheral nervous system, there are two more systems responsible for motor functions: (1) ____________________ Nervous System – controls skeletal muscle contractions (___________________) and involuntary skeletal contractions like those seen in ___________________ (automatic response – put hand on hot stove, remove it quickly) (2) ____________________ Nervous System – provides ________________________ regulation of smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands (______________________) 10. There are three types of functional classifications: (1) ________________ neurons - ______________________ neurons that make up the afferent component of the PNS; deliver information from _____________________ receptors to the ___________. (1) _________________________ – provide information about the external environment (touch, temperature, pressure, sight, smell, hearing) (2) ___________________________– monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints (3) __________________________ – Monitor internal environment and provide sensations of taste, deep pressure, and pain (2) _____________ neurons - Efferent neurons that make up efferent component of the PNS; carry instructions from the CNS to the peripheral effectors. (1) ________________ motor neurons – innervate skeletal muscle (conscious control – Somatic Nervous System) (2) _____________ motor neurons – innervate all peripheral effectors except muscle (Autonomic Nervous System) (3) ______________________ - Most located in brain and spinal cord. These are responsible for the distribution of _________________ information and the coordination of _______________ activity. They are also involved in higher functions, such as ________________, planning, and ____________________. 11. Neurotransmitters can be: - increase membrane permeability, make communication happen or - decrease membrane permeability, stop communication from happening 12. Basic steps of an Action Potential: 1. Neuron is at _____________ potential (-70 mV) 2. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on ____________________ 3. Causes ____________ to rush into cell body 4. Membrane potential becomes more ________________ ( +30mV) 5. ________ channels close 6. ________________ rushes out of cell to balance out differences in membrane potential 7. Membrane potential goes to _____mV but then goes back to ______mV 8. Continues along length of ____________ 9. Action Potential reaches axon terminal and ________ channel open 10. Ca2+ enters axon terminal and binds to __________________ 11. Vesicles with neurotransmitters inside travel to end of axon ____________________ 12. Vesicles release _______________________________ into synaptic cleft 13. Neurotransmitters travel through synaptic _____________ and bind to next ___________________ 13. = membranes located between bone and soft tissues of the nervous system - outermost layer - no blood vessels, in between layer (resembles a spider web) -inner membrane, contains nerves and blood vessels to nourish cells 14. Spinal cord - Passes down the vertebral canal, has These nerves branch to various body parts and connect them to the CNS. (each with a pair of spinal nerves). 8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1 - C8) 12 pairs of thoracic nerves (T1-T12) 5 pairs of lumbar nerves (L1-L5) 5 pairs of sacral nerves (S1-S5) 1 pair of coccygeal nerves (Co) 15. the or lower. disease affecting the - Paralysis of the legs and lower body, typically caused by spinal injury or disease affecting - Paralysis of all four limbs, typically caused by spinal injury or . 16. - fluid that protects and supports brain. 17. There are three major parts of the brain: – largest, sensory and motor functions, higher mental function, reasoning, problem solving, initiating simple voluntary muscular movements) – coordinate voluntary muscles, controls posture, balance, and coordination. – regulate visceral functions and reflexes. The brain stem has four parts: 1. - includes the and glands. Thalamus contains relay and processing centers for sensory information. Hypothalamus is involved with emotions, autonomic function, and hormone production 2. - is responsible for processing visual and auditory data. Generates somatic reflex responses (EX: response to loud unexpected noises – head turning and eye movement). Also responsible for . 3. - relays sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus. Also contains nuclei involved with somatic and visceral motor control. 4. - connects to the brain at the medulla oblongata. Relays sensory information to the thalamus and other parts of the brain stem. Regulates visceral functions = cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system 18. - connects the two hemispheres 19. - the wrinkles and grooves of the cerebrum. Fissure – Sulci – Gyri – 20. Parietal – Frontal – , relation of body parts, Temporal – . 21. Limbic System – Memory is controlled by the plays a major role in memories. Amygdala fear response, pleasure and aggression. , Occipital – (“sea horse”; that’s its shape). The hippocampus .~Also associated with