Download Friday, October 29

Unit 12 Exam: Psychological Disorders and Treatment
70 questions on Psychological Disorders and Treatment; 30 review questions (70 minutes)
Wednesday, April 25 (A-Day) and Thursday, April 26 (B-Day)
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Unit 12 covers Chapter 16 (pp. 638-683) and Ch. 17 (pp. 684-721)
There are 47 vocab terms (20 on p. 683 and 27 on p. 721). Vocabulary can be found at the end of each
chapter under the heading “Terms & Concepts to Remember.” Vocabulary terms and their definitions must be handwritten in
your composition book. Composition books will be collected before the test.
What is a psychological disorder?
Atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, unjustifiable
The medical model of disorders
Labeling theory (Rosenhan) & disorders
DSM-IV (Diagnostic Statistical Manual – 4th edition)
The DSM-IV helps clinicians diagnose disorders by focusing on observable behaviors
Rates of psychological disorders
(Men vs. Women: men are more likely to suffer from alcoholism, bipolar disorder, antisocial personality
disorder – women are more likely to be diagnosed with major depression)
Anxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Panic Disorder
Phobia
Agoraphobia
Panic attacks
Explaining anxiety disorders (learning theory ((ex. operant cond.)), biological theory, cognitive theory)
Dissociative Disorders
Disruptions in conscious awareness
Mood Disorders
Major depressive disorder
Bipolar disorder
Manic episode
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Differences in rates of depression between men & women
Explaining depressive disorders
(psychoanalytic theory, biological theory, social-cognitive theory ((ex. attributional theory)), humanistic)
Norepinephrine’s & Serotonin’s role in depression
(people suffering from depression tend to have low levels of both of these neurotransmitters)
Genetic component to mood disorders
(if an identical twin suffers from major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder the chances that the
other twin will experience symptoms is higher than those with a fraternal twin who is suffering)
Learned helplessness
Somatoform Disorders
Physical symptoms with no physical cause
Personality Disorders
Antisocial personality disorder (lack of guilt / conscience)
Narcissistic personality disorder (sense of self-importance, entitled to special treatment)
Schizophrenia
Symptoms
Positive Symptoms: Word salad, Hallucinations (false sensations) vs. Delusions (false beliefs),
Negative Symptoms: loss of affect (no facial expression)
Types
Disorganized, Cataonic, Paranoid, Undifferentiated
Causes
High levels of dopamine receptors, prenatal viral infections, genetics (identical twin has schizophrenia,
there is a 50% chance that the other twin will develop the disorder), biological factors
What do illicit drugs do to a person suffering from schizophrenia?
People suffering from schizophrenia tend to have elevated levels of dopamine. Cocaine prevents
reuptake of dopamine. The result is worse, more pronounced symptoms.
THERAPISTS
psychiatrists vs. clinical psychologists
(psychiatrists have MDs & can prescribe meds / clinical psychologists have advanced degrees, can do
therapy but cannot prescribe meds)
THERAPUTIC APPROACHES (some stick to one approach, others an eclectic approach ((use a
combination of approaches)) to treat their patients.
Psychoanalysis (focus on early childhood, repressed memories)
Free association (Freud)
Resistance
Transference
Humanistic Therapy
(focus on deficits either in feelings of self-worth or in feelings of
unconditional acceptance by others)
Active listening (Carl Rogers)
Client-centered
Cognitive Therapy (focus on maladaptive thoughts or schemas)
Behavior Therapy (focus on observable behavior and faulty conditioning)
Aversive conditioning (pair undesired behavior with punishing / unpleasant behavior)
Token economy (type of operant cond.)
Systematic desensitization
Counter conditioning (replace undesired behavior with something acceptable) – ex. bedwetting alarm
Virtual reality exposure therapy
Biological Therapies (focus on psychophysiological causes, drugs are most common remedy)
EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing)
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) - purpose & side effects
Light therapy (resets circadian rhythm; treats SAD)
Psychopharmacology (purpose is to restore chemical balance)
anti-psychotics (used to treat symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors) ex. Thorazine
anti-anxiety agents (benzodiazapenes like Xanax calms the nervous system by increasing GABA)
anti-depressants (serotonin, Prozac) – increase arousal
mood-stabilizers (lithium for bipolar disorders)
TESTING the EFFECTIVENESS of VARIOUS APPROACHES
Regression toward the mean
Anxiety: Cognitive therapy, exposure therapy,
Meta-analysis
and stress inoculation training are
Placebo effect
effective
Depression: Cognitive, interpersonal, and behavior
therapy are effective
REVIEW
HISTORY & APPROACHES (Unit 1)
Perspectives: Cognitive, Behavioral, Humanist, Psychoanalytic, Neuroscience
BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR (Unit 2)
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic N.S.
Neurotransmitters
Lobes of the brain (functions)
Split-brain patients
SENSATION & PERCEPTION (Unit 3)
Gate-control theory
Accommodation
Structure and Function of the Eyes and Ears
LEARNING (Unit 5)
Classical conditioning (US, UR, CS, CR)
Operant Conditioning
Bandura’s theory of social learning (modeling)
Skinner (operant conditioning)
COGNITION (Unit 6)
Overgeneralization
MOTIVATION & EMOTION (Unit 7)
Theories of Emotion (James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Two-Factor)
Catharsis
PERSONALITY (Unit 8)
Projective Tests (Assessing Unconscious
Maslow’s Theory (self-actualization)
Processes)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(Assessing Traits)
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY (Unit 9)
Assimilation and Accommodation
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial
Development
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Egocentrism
Conservation
Maturation
Types of Parenting (authoritarian vs. authoritative)
Attachment Theory
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY (Unit 10)
Social Traps
Cognitive Dissonance
TESTING & INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, PROBLEM SOLVING & STATISITCS (Unit 11)
Reliability and Validity
Availability Heuristic
Representativeness Heuristic
Algorithms and Heuristics
The Normal Curve (percentages of each standard
deviation, etc.)
Wechsler’s Tests (WAIS and WISC)
Mental Age