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Physiology 1. Which causes the reabsorption of sodium from the distal convoluted tubule a. Aldosterone b. ADH c. Parathyroid hormone d. Rennin 2. Which structure secretes thyrotropin releasing hormone a. Anterior pituitary b. Hypothalamus c. Thyroid d. Parathyroid 3. Which is normally released when blood calcium is abnormally low a. Aldosterone b. Calcitonin c. Parathormone d. 1,25-dihydroxycolecalciferol 4. Which will increase bone calcium levels a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid hormone c. Cortisol d. Aldosterone 5. Cortisol is involved with a. Gluconeogenesis b. Fat synthesis c. Protein synthesis in muscle d. Glycogenesis 6. Which increases lymphatic flow in the lower extremities a. Decreased muscle contraction b. Increased hydrostatic pressure c. Increased plasma colloid osmotic pressure d. Decreased hydrostatic pressure 7. Which have preganglionic sympathetic fibers a. White rami communicantes b. Gray rami communicantes c. Adrenal medulla d. Sympathetic chain ganglia 8. Pupillary constriction occurs as a result of a. Sympathetic stimulation b. Parasympathetic stimulation c. Motor neuron stimulation d. Autorhythmicity 9. Light hitting photoreceptors of the retina, specifically the rods, causes a. An action potential b. An increase in sodium diffusion causing slow depolarization c. A decrease in sodium conduction causing hyperpolarization d. Has no effect 10. Spirometry does not adequately measure a. Residual volume b. Tidal volume c. Inspiratory reserve d. Expiratory reserve 11. What does an electrocardiogram detect a. Myocardial infarction b. Murmur c. Carbon monoxide poisoning d. Aortic insufficiency 12. What vessel compartment has the most blood volume a. Capillaries b. Arteries c. Arterioles d. Veins 13. Proteins enter lymphatic ducts directly through a. Cells b. Capillaries c. Interstitial fluid d. Arteries 14. What causes increased lymph flow a. Increased capillary permeability b. Decreased capillary permeability c. Increased capillary protein d. Increased plasma colloidal pressure 15. Function of GTO’s a. Length of 1a b. Length of 1b c. Tension of 1a d. Tension of 1b 16. A lesion of which neural structure results in spasticity a. Anterior horn b. Posterior horn c. Pyramidal d. Thalamus 17. Definition of total lung capacity a. Inspiratory capacity + functional residual capacity b. Vital capacity + FRC c. Vital capacity d. Inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve 18. Regular inspiration is controlled by a. Pneumotaxic b. Apneustic c. Dorsal neuron d. Ventral neuron 19. Best indicator that the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle is actually working a. Progesterone b. Estrogen c. FSH d. LH 20. Which occurs during diastole, a. Mitral and tricuspid open b. Aortic opening and mitral closed c. Pulmonic open and mitral closed d. Aortic and pulmonic open “Toilet paper my ass” 21. Which is open during the plateau seen in the cardiac action potential a. Slow calcium channels b. Sodium channels c. Potassium channels d. Chloride channels 22. Which produces pulmonary surfactant a. Type II alveolar cells b. Type I alveolar cells c. Dust cells d. Goblet cells 23. Responsible for the reabsorption of water a. ADH b. Aldosterone c. Cortisol d. Angiotensin II 24. The renal papillae act upon a. Pyramids b. Minor calyx c. Major calyx d. Renal sinus 25. If your patient had their gallbladder removed, which would be affected a. Fat metabolism b. Protein metabolism c. Carbohydrate metabolism d. No change in metabolism 26. Secreted from the duodenum and upper jejunal mucosa and results in contraction of the gallbladder a. CCK b. Secretin c. Amylase d. Lipase 27. Which is the fastest conducting receptor a. Pacinian corpuscles b. Free nerve endings c. Meissner corpuscles d. Krause end bulbs 28. Slowest conducting receptor a. Pacinian corpuscles b. Free nerve endings c. Meissner corpuscles d. Hair receptors Free nerve endings are unmyelinated 29. Area where osmoreceptors are located a. Hypothalamus b. Thalamus c. Anterior pituitary d. Posterior pituitary 30. Occurs between closure of AV valve and reopening of the AV valve a. Atrial diastole b. Atrial systole c. Ventricular diastole d. Ventricular systole 31. An increase in hydrogen ions in blood due to hypoventilation a. Respiratory acidosis b. Respiratory alkalosis c. Metabolic acidosis d. Metabolic alkalosis 32. Function of inhibin a. Inhibits FSH secretion b. Inhibits estrogen production c. Inhibits progesterone production d. Increases FSH secretion 33. Which releases rennin a. Juxtaglomerular cells b. Liver c. Adrenal cortex d. Adrenal medulla 34. In cardiac muscle, what is responsible for the steep downward slope (repolarization) of the action potential a. Opening of potassium voltage gated channels b. Closure of sodium voltage gated channels c. Opening of calcium channels d. Closing of potassium voltage gated channels 35. Nerve conduction is fastest when there is a. Longer nerve b. More myelin c. Larger diameter d. Smaller diameter 36. What makes cardiac different from skeletal muscle a. Increased troponin b. Intercalated discs c. Striations d. Increased myoglobin 37. Mature or dead red blood cells are filtered out by what organ a. Spleen b. Kidney c. Liver d. Gallbladder 38. Which cell is responsible for the production of hydrochloric acid a. Parietal cells b. Chief cells c. Argentaffin cells d. Brunners glands Chief cells – pepsinogen “Chief likes Pepsi” 39. Which is a feature of your slow twitch muscle fibers versus fast twitch muscle fibers a. Slow twitch have more mitochondria b. Slow twitch have more glycolytic enzymes c. Slow twitch are for sprinting d. Slow twitch have less myoglobin 40. Which is responsible for static equilibrium a. Utricle b. Saccule c. Semicircular canals d. Cristae ampularis Angular acceleration – cristae ampularis in the semicircular canals Linear acceleration – macula and saccule 41. The ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle is responsible for which a. Reabsorption of water b. Reabsorption of sodium c. Reabsorption of hydrochloric acid d. Secretion of hydrochloric acid 42. Which is most broken down in the mouth a. Cheese b. Breads c. Meats d. Raw vegetables 43. Which is not released due to digestion a. Gastrin b. Secretin c. ADH d. CCK 44. Function of secretin a. To decrease gastric motility b. Causes contraction of the gallbladder c. Produce hydrochloric acid in the stomach d. To increase gastric motility 45. Which is the most sensitive sensation of the tongue a. Sweet b. Bitter c. Salty d. Sour Most poisons are bitter 46. What type of gated channels are found in the plateau of the cardiac potential a. Voltage gated calcium channels b. Voltage gated sodium channels c. Voltage gated potassium channels d. Chloride channels 47. Which is the most potent vasoconstrictor a. Angiotensin II b. Calcitonin c. Aldosterone d. ADH 48. The anterior chamber of the eye is ________ to __________. a. Cornea; iris b. Iris; sclera c. Iris; lens d. Lens; retina Cornea is made of surface ectoderm 49. Which is not part of the auditory system a. Spiral ganglion b. Superior colliculus c. Lateral lemniscus d. Inferior colliculus Superior colliculus is vision “Vision is superior: I’d rather be deaf than blind” 50. What receptor is tonic a. Hair cell b. Pacinian c. Meissners d. Muscle spindles 51. Slow twitch muscle fibers are ______ color and used for ______________. a. White; postural b. White; powerful c. Red; postural d. Red; powerful All postural muscles are slow twitch 52. CO2 + H2O H2CO3: which enzyme is involved a. Carbonic anhydrase b. Acetyl Co-A carboxylase c. Phosphofructokinase d. Hexokinase 53. The combination of hemoglobin and CO2 forms which of the following a. Carboxyhemoglobin b. Oxyhemoglobin c. Myoglobin d. Carbonic acid 54. Which secretes mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens a. Suprarenal gland b. Thyroid gland c. Parathyroid gland d. Pancreas 55. Where is the macula densa located a. Proximal convoluted tubule b. Distal convoluted tubule c. Bowman’s capsule d. Glomerulus 56. If GFR is higher than the excretion, which is the cause a. Reabsorption b. Secretion c. Denaturation d. Filtration GFR – glomerular filtration rate 57. Which area does ACTH affect a. Adrenal cortex b. Adrenal medulla c. Thyroid gland d. Follicular cells 58. Where does the auditory pathway begin a. Tectorial membrane b. Cochlear nerve c. Cochlear hair cells d. Spiral ganglion 59. Through what is sound transmitted a. Oval window b. Round window c. Utricles d. Organ of Corti 60. The infundibulum connects the pituitary to the a. Hypothalamus b. Thalamus c. Cerebrum d. Brain stem 61. Which does the botulism toxin effect a. Inhibits acetylcholinesterase b. Inhibits release of ACH c. Inhibits synthesis of ACH d. Blocks ACH receptor Botulism produces flaccid paralysis 62. Which cells do the pituitary gland control a. Parafollicular cells of the thyroid b. Follicular cells of the thyroid c. Parathyroid cells d. Parietal cells of the stomach 63. Which is not regulated by negative feedback a. TSH b. ACTH c. Oxytocin d. FSH 64. Which is stimulated by the pre-ganglionic sympathetics a. Adrenal medulla b. Adrenal cortex c. Pancreas d. Thyroid 65. Which is an example of negative feedback a. Increased estrogen right before ovulation b. Increased estrogen and progesterone after ovulation c. Decreased estrogen right before ovulation d. Decreased estrogen and progesterone after ovulation 66. The inferior olivary nucleus is located in a. Medulla oblongata b. Pons c. Midbrain d. Thalamus 67. The pontine flexure is located between the metencephalon and _______ a. Mesencephalon b. Myelencephalon c. Telencephalon d. Diencephalons 68. Platelets come from a. Megakaryocytes b. Thromboxane c. Neutrophils d. Monocytes 69. Why do you see a longer absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle a. To prevent tetany b. To increase the strength of contraction c. To allow tetany to occur d. To allow for autorhythmicity of the heart 70. Why is there autorhythmicity in the SA node a. Some fibers come back to innervate themselves b. Ease of sodium leakage c. Atrial depolarization d. Ventricular depolarization 71. What type of receptor is a Pacinian corpuscle a. Mechanoreceptor b. Nocioceptor c. Chemoreceptor d. Thermoreceptor 72. When you have the accommodative reflex and you get papillary constriction, which is responsible a. Sympathetic b. Parasympathetic c. Somatic afferents d. Somatic efferents 73. Degranulation of a mast cell can lead to a. Anaphylaxis b. Autoimmune c. Antigen-antibody complex d. Type II hypersensitivity reaction 74. Which is the glycoprotein layer around the developing oocyte a. Corona radiata b. Zona pellucida c. Zona adherens d. Basement membrane 75. Which describes Starlings Law a. Force of contraction is a function of the stretch of the muscle which is determined by the end diastolic volume b. Bones develop along lines of stress c. Force of contraction is a function of speed of contraction d. Solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of gas 76. The zona glomerulosa, fasciculate, and reticularis is found in the a. Adrenal cortex b. Adrenal medulla c. Pituitary gland d. Kidneys 77. Which of the following organelles of skeletal muscle transmits the action potential from the outside of the cell to the inside of the cell a. Myofibril b. Sarcoplasmic reticulum c. T-tubule d. Cross bridges 78. The purpose of the AV node is to a. Spread the impulse b. Cause a delay in the conduction c. Increase the speed of conduction d. Decrease the pacemaker rate 79. Calcitonin is released by the _______ to ________ blood calcium levels a. Parafollicular cells; decrease b. Parafollicular cells; increase c. Follicular; decrease d. Follicular; increase 80. In the kidney, the papillae go into the a. Minor calyx b. Major calyx c. Renal pelvis d. Renal sinus 81. The sarcomere is from _____ band to _______ band a. A; A b. H; H c. I; I d. Z; Z 82. Residual volume + vital capacity a. Total lung capacity b. Inspiratory capacity c. Expiratory capacity d. Tidal volume 83. Which is absorbed more rapidly in the stomach a. Monosaccharide b. Proteins c. Fats d. Alcohol 84. What surrounds the muscle fibers a. Endomysium b. Perimysium c. Epimysium d. Pericardium 85. Where does ADH have its greatest effect a. Descending loop of Henle b. Collecting duct c. Distal tubule d. Ascending loop of Henle 86. Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum a. LH b. FSH c. HCG d. Progesterone 87. Which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS a. GABA b. Epinephrine c. Norepinephrine d. Glutamate 88. What effects does norepinephrine have on heart muscle a. Decreases sodium permeability b. Increases potassium permeability c. Increases sodium permeability d. Decreases calcium permeability 89. The acini cells of the pancreas secrete a. Insulin b. Glucagons c. Proteolytic enzymes d. Somatostatin 90. During an action potential, when do the potassium channels open a. When the sodium channels are completely closed b. When sodium channels are open c. When sodium channels begin to close d. When membrane is at –100 mv 91. Which is innervated by the pre-ganglionic sympathetics a. Anterior pituitary b. Posterior pituitary c. Adrenal cortex d. Adrenal medulla 92. What causes a skier to achieve a greater level of balance and coordination a. Cerebellum b. Spinal reflexes as a result of proprioception through feet and knees c. Temporal and parietal association d. Frontal lobe 93. Decreased function of the thyroid gland can be accompanied by a. Excessive sweating b. Exophthalmoses c. Weight gain d. Anxiety 94. An increase in which of the following will allow blood to unload oxygen into the peripheral corpuscles a. PH of the blood b. Total peripheral resistance c. Temperature of blood d. Amount of NADH in erythrocytes 95. Which is characteristic of Pacinian corpuscles a. Detects vibration b. Detects tissue deformity c. Detects temperature changes d. Initiates the stretch reflex 96. The distal convoluted tubule is acted upon by a. ADH b. Aldosterone c. Rennin d. Secretin 97. Which results in the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas a. Gastrin b. CCK c. Secretin d. Enterogastrone 98. Which receptor is the deepest a. Free nerve endings b. Meissners corpuscles c. Krauses end bulbs d. Merkels discs 99. Atrial naturitic factor (ANF) is stimulated by a. Stretch receptors of the atria b. Stretch receptors of the ventricle c. High sodium concentration in blood d. Low sodium concentration in blood