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Kingdom Classifications Section 15.1 History of Kingdom Systems • Aristotle was the first to classify organisms: – Plant – Animal • Microscope use allowed scientist to see: – Microscopic organisms – Cells had different structures The Five Kingdom System • • • • • Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Monera • The five kingdom system worked for a while until new technology allowed scientist to see different gene sequences in bacteria, so another kingdom was formed The Six Kingdom System • Animalia • Plantae • Fungi • Protista • Archaebacteria • Eubacteria *What do you notice that is different? The Six Kingdom System • The kingdom Monera was divided into • Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria)had – different gene sequences – Chemical specialization in their cell walls – Lived in the most extreme places (Dead Sea, Hot springs) • Eubacteria – All other bacteria – Includes disease causing bacteria Domains • Some scientists classify the six kingdoms into Domains Kingdom Classifications Section 15.2 Bacteria • Bacteria are single-cell, prokaryotic organisms – No true nucleus – No other organelles • Bacteria belong to two different Kingdoms – Kingdom Archaebacteria – Kingdom Eubacteria • Most numerous organisms on Earth Comparing Archae- and Eu-bacteria Archaebacteria • Live in harsh environments – Hot sulfur springs, the Great Salt Lake, Volcanic deep-sea vents – Love extreme pH level (acidic or basic) – Love heat • Have similar RNA gene sequences that are different from Eubacteria • Most are Autotrophs – Anaerobic (without oxygen) – Chemosynthesis Eubacteria • Most familiar bacteria • Some are disease-causing • Classified by – Shape (coccus, bacillus, spirillum – Gram stain (positive or negative) • Can obtain nutrients as – – – – Heterotrophs Parasites Autotrophs Saprotrophs • Most have flagella for movement Bacteria Reproduction • Bacteria do not have a nucleus, but they DO have DNA in their cytoplasm • Bacteria reproduce by – Replicating DNA – Double cell size – Divide in half • Two type of bacterial reproduction are – Binary fission (cells are identical) – Conjugation (exchange DNA with another cell) Bacteria Reproduction • Binary Fission • Conjugation Kingdom Classifications Section 15.3 Kingdom Protista • Protists are all eukaryotes with a nucleus and organelles • Includes any organism that does not fit the other kingdoms Animal-Like Protists • • • • Called Protozoans Single-celled Heterotrophic Classified by how they move: – Ciliates (paramecium) – Flagellates(Euglena) – Amoebas – Sporozoans Animal-Like Protists • Paramecium with cilia • Euglena with flagella Animal-Like Protists • Amoeba with pseudopod Plant-Like Protists • Called Algae • Autotrophs with chlorophyll and carry-out photosynthesis • Classified by color and structure – Green, red, brown, golden – Single-cellular or multicellular Plant-Like Protists • Euglena live in freshwater and are unicellular • Diatoms are unicellular and have a glasslike outer shell Fungus-Like Protists • Are decomposers • Slime molds, downy mildews, water molds Kingdom Classifications Section 15.4 Kingdom Fungi • Most Fungi are multicellular and they grow anywhere there is moisture • They were once classified as plants, but they do not have chlorophyll • Fungi can be – Consumers (heterotrophs) – Decomposers (saprotrophs) • Most have a cell wall made of chitin Fungi Reproduction • Reproduction may occur: – Sexually by producing spores – Asexually by fission or budding