Download Classification - Duplin County Schools

Classification
Taxonomy
 Science of classifying living things
Reasons for classification
1.
2.
3.
4.
Organizes information
Helps to identify unknown organisms
Organisms with similar characteristics
belong to similar groups
Shows relationships among organisms
Carolus Linneaus
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Founder of modern taxonomy
Classified organisms based on physical
characteristics
Developed binomial nomenclature system
Binomial nomenclature
Organisms given two-part scientific name
 Genus – group of related species, written
first, capitalized
 species - written after genus, lower case
 Examples: Homo sapiens and Canis
familiaris
 Homo (genus) sapiens (species)
Criteria for classification
Physical appearance (Symmetry)
 Asymmetrical
 Irregular shape (Ex: sponge)

Bilateral symmetry
 Right and left halves look alike
 Dividing down middle forms equal sides
(Ex: bird, human, insect)

Radial symmetry
 Parts radiate out from center (circle
shape)
Bilateral Symmetry
Radial Symmetry
Posterior end
Dorsal side
Anterior end
Ventral side
Plane of
symmetry
Planes of
symmetry
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Biochemistry
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Chromosome structure and Blood proteins
Embryology
Evolutionary history
Breeding behavior
Geographical distribution
Evolutionary tree (cladogram)
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Shows evolutionary history
Shows relationships among different
species
Traditional Classification Versus Cladogram
Appendages
Crab
Crab
Conical Shells
Barnacle
Barnacle
Limpet
Limpet
Crustaceans
Gastropod
Barnacle
Barnacle
Crab
Crab
Limpet
Limpet
Molted
Molted exoskeleton
exoskeleton
Segmentation
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON VISIBLE
SIMILARITIES
CLADOGRAM
Classification levels

The more levels organisms share, the
more closely related those organisms are
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Kingdom (broadest, most inclusive,
largest level)
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (smallest, most closely related
group)
Classification of Representative Mammals
Kingdom
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Order
Cetacea
Carnivora
Carnivora
Family
Mysticeti
Mustelidae
Felidae
Genus
Balenopora
Mustela
Felis
Species
B. physalus
M. furo
F. catus
Common Name
Blue Whale
Ferret
Domestic cat
Figure 18-5 Classification of Ursus arctos
Grizzly bear Black bear
Giant
panda
Red fox
Coral Sea star
Abert
squirrel snake
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
5 Kingdoms

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
The Five Kingdoms of Living Things
Viruses
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Not classified in the six kingdoms
Nonliving
Piece of nucleic acid covered by protein
coat (capsid).
Capsid
Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
Tail
Introduction to Viruses
Viral Replication
Lytic cycle
 Virus attaches to host cell
 Virus injects nucleic acid into cell.
 Cell makes new viral nucleic acids and
capsids
 Viral nucleic acids and capsids combine
 New viruses burst out of host cell, killing it
 Active stage of virus
 Organism shows signs of virus
Lytic Cycle
Lysogenic cycle
 Does not kill host cell
 Viral nucleic acid becomes part of the host
cell’s chromosome and forms provirus
 Provirus can be activated to enter lytic
cycle at any time
 Examples: shingles, HIV, herpes,
influenza (flu), smallpox
Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles
Bacteria
are classified into the kingdoms of
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
include a variety of
lifestyles such as
Living in soil
Infecting large
organisms
live in harsh
environments such as
Thick mud
Animal
digestive
tracts
Salty lakes
Hot springs
KINGDOM MONERA
Bacteria
 Prokaryotes
 No nucleus or
membrane bound
organelles
 Shapes –
 Spheres
 rods
 spirals
Asexual Reproduction by Binary Fission
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Copies
chromosome
(DNA)
Chromosomes
move to opposite
ends of cell
Cell splits in half
Results in two
genetically
identical cells
Sexual Reproduction by Conjugation
Cells connect and transfer
chromosomes (genetic material)
 Bacteria with new genetic
composition formed
 Creates variation among bacteria
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Aerobic Respiration
 Requires oxygen
 Produces ATP and CO2
Anaerobic Respiration
 Does not require oxygen
 Produces ATP and CO2 plus lactic acid
or alcohol
 Makes less ATP than aerobic
respiration
Helpful bacteria
 Nitrogen fixing: N2 (air) → NO3 (used by
plants and then eaten by animals)
Decomposers recycle nutrients like
carbon and nitrogen
 Recombinant DNA (human insulin and
growth hormone) made with E. coli
 Food uses: cheese, yogurt, pickles,
vinegar
 Antibiotics
Harmful Bacteria
 Streptococcus (strep throat)
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KINGDOM FUNGI
Fungi
 Eukaryotic
 Heterotrophic
 Cannot make own food
 Absorbs food from environment
 Has a cell wall (like plants and bacteria)
 Important in decomposing organic material
and recycling nutrients
The Structure of a Mushroom
Fruiting body
Hyphae
Mycelium
The structure of fungi
Rhizoids
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Extend into food
Anchors mold or fungus
Secrete enzymes (proteins) that digest
food
Absorb nutrients
Reproductive hyphae
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Grow up and form sporangia (spore
cases)
Spores burst out of case and land on other
food sources
Watermold (fungus) releasing reproductive spores
Spores
Sporangium
Hyphae
Saprophytes
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Decomposers
Breaks down organic substances
Yeast
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Obtain energy from anaerobic respiration
Fermentation breaks sugars down into
alcohol and carbon dioxide
Lichen
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Made of fungus and green algae in
mutualistic relationship
Grows in harsh environment
Source of food for animals in tundra biome
Pioneer species for primary succession
Other examples of Fungi
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Mushrooms
Mold
Thrush or Yeast Infection
Ringworm
Athlete’s Foot
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Plants
 Eukaryotic
 Producers
 Autotrophs
 Photosynthetic
 Cell wall of cellulose
 Cells have rigid structure
 Plant cells are larger than animal cells
A Cladogram of Plant Groups
Flowering
plants
Cone-bearing
plants
Ferns and
their relatives
Flowers; Seeds
Enclosed in Fruit
Mosses and
their relatives
Seeds
Water-Conducting
(Vascular) Tissue
Green algae
ancestor
Photosynthesis
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Chlorophyll traps energy in sunlight
Plant converts CO2 and H2O into usable
energy of glucose (C6H12O6)
Animals can then get energy from plants
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (sunlight) 
C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2
Mosses
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No true roots, stems, or leaves
No vascular tissue (nonvascular)
Water and nutrients move by diffusion
Grow in shady, damp areas
Reproduce with spores
Moss
Ferns
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True roots, stems and leaves
Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
Reproduce with spores
Seed plants
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Seed coat protects embryo, developing
plant
Seeds contain food for embryo - cotyledon
Seed dispersal
 Wind
 Water
 Sticks to animal fur
 Eaten and eliminated
The seed plants are divided into
two groups.
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Gymnosperms & Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
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Produce cones
Needle-like leaves
Evergreens or
conifers
Conifers and Cacti
Gymnosperm Reproduction
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Conifers produce two kinds of cones on
same tree
Pollen cones (male)
Seed cones
 Yellow or red, clusters (female)
at end of branches
 Larger, single cones
 pollen contains
(pinecones)
sperm
 Eggs form on scales
of seed cones
 Pollen lands on seed
cone.
 Fertilized egg grows
into tree.
Angiosperms
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Produce flowers/fruit
Broad leaves (trees)
Deciduous trees
Drop leaves in fall
Flowers and Reproduction
Angiosperm Reproduction
Male parts of flower
 Stamen
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Thin stalk with
anther
Anther
contains pollen
Sperm cells in
pollen grain
Female parts of
flower
 Pistil
 Surrounded by
stamens
 Ovary at bottom
of pistil
 Ovary contains
ovules with eggs
Male part
Female part
Pollination
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Pollen transferred from stamen to
pistil
Survival of Plants Reproduction and Change
Germination
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Growth of plant from seed
Ends dormant period of seed
Cotyledons pushed above ground
Primary root grows into soil
Stem and first leaves grow upward.
Cotyledons die after leaves open and
begin photosynthesis.
Requirements for germination
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Once the seed coat has been softened by water, the
embryo starts to emerge from the seed.
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The first part of the
embryo to appear is the
embryonic root called
the radicle (RA dih kul).
Radicle
Seed coat
Requirements for germination
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The radicle grows down
into the soil and
develops into a root.
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The portion of the
stem nearest the
seed is called the
hypocotyl (HI poh
kah tul).
Cotyledon
Seed coat
Hypocotyl
Primary
root
Requirements for germination

As the hypocotyl
continues growing, it
straightens, bringing
with it the
cotyledons and the
plant’s first leaves.
Cotyledon
Secondary
roots
Requirements for germination
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In monocots, the
cotyledon remains
below the soil’s
surface. As growth
continues, the leaves
turn green, and the
plant produces its own
food through
photosynthesis.
Epicotyl
Withered
cotyledons
Hypocotyl
Secondary
roots
Seed coat
Protection
Embryo
Baby plant
Food supply
Cotyledons