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GLOSSARY
A
Aerobic ‘with oxygen’; when exercise is
moderate and steady, the heart can
supply all the oxygen the working
muscles need
Agility the ability to change the position
of the body quickly and to control the
movement of the whole body easily
Altitude training training at a place
situated high above sea level
Amateur a sportsperson usually parttime who competes without receiving
payment
Anaerobic ‘without oxygen’, when
exercising in short, fast bursts, the heart
cannot supply blood and oxygen to the
muscles as fast as the cells can use
them, so energy is released without
oxygen present
Anorexia eating disorder marked by
insufficient intake of food
Aorta the main artery of the body, blood
vessel transporting oxygenated blood to
the body tissues
Atrophy decline in effectiveness; when
muscles atrophy they weaken and lose
their strength and size
B
Balance the ability to retain the centre of
mass (gravity) of the body above the
base of support with reference to static
(stationary) or dynamic (changing)
conditions of movement, shape and
orientation
Balanced diet daily intake of food
containing right amounts and types of
nutrients
Blood doping method of increasing the
oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, by
increasing haemoglobin levels and red
blood cell count
C
Calcium an essential element for strong
healthy bones; dairy products provide a
good source of calcium
Carbohydrate loading eating large
amounts of carbohydrate-rich foods to
build up glycogen levels in the body to
use in endurance events
Cardiac muscle only found in the heart,
never tires
Cardiac output the amount of blood
pumped by the heart in one minute
Cardiovascular relating to the heart and
blood vessels
GLOSSARY
Cardiovascular fitness the ability to
exercise the entire body for long periods
of time; this is dependent on the fitness
of the heart, blood and blood vessels
Circuit training a series of exercises
completed in order and for a certain time
limit
Circulatory system transports blood,
using the heart, through all parts of the
body
Closed skills skills performed in an
unchanging environment
Compound/open fracture break of the
bone that pierces the skin, causing a risk
of infection
Concussion injury to the brain, caused
by a blow to the head, may cause a
person
temporarily
to
lose
consciousness
Continuous training aerobic exercising,
at a moderate to high level, with no rests
lasting for a sustained period of time
Cool down exercises after the main
activity gradually bringing the body
systems back to near resting state
Co-ordination the ability to perform
complex moves using two or more body
parts together
D
Dehydration extreme lack of water in
the body, usually as a result of
exercising in hot conditions or heavy
sweating
Dislocate disturb the usual arrangement
of bones so that they move out of their
usual joint arrangement
DRABC
Danger (to casualty or first aider?)
Response (different levels of casualty
response – alert/unresponsive; presence
or absence of voice/pain?)
Airway (is there a blockage of the
airway?)
Breathing (is casualty breathing?)
Circulation (is the blood circulating?)
Drugs substances (other than food) that,
when taken into the body, cause a
change; socially unacceptable drugs are
drugs that are illegal to possess
Dual provision an agreement where by
sports facilities are used by one or more
types of users such as schools and the
public
Dual use see dual provision
Dynamometer a device used to measure
strength
E
Ectomorph body type with little fat or
muscle and a narrow shape
Emergency procedures series of actions
to be followed in a crisis
Endomorph body type that is apple or
pear shaped with a large amount of fat
Endurance the ability to keep working
over a period of time without tiring or
losing skill
Etiquette a code of polite behaviour
Expiration breathing out, exhalation
Extra Curricular Activity an activity
which takes place at a school outside of
time-tabled
GLOSSARY
F
Heat exhaustion fatigue brought on by
the body temperature rising
Fartlek training ‘speed play’: changing
speed, distances and times of exercise,
with rests in the same session
Hypertrophy when muscle increases in
size due to regular exercise
Fatigue extreme tiredness and physical
exhaustion
Feedback information a performer
receives about their performance
Fitness a variety of factors which
combine to give a sportsperson an
efficient body, able to cope with a high
degree of physical demand
FITT frequency, intensity, time and type
Hypothermia condition of the body when
its core temperature falls below 35°
I
Inspiration the drawing in of breath,
inhalation
Interval training mixing periods of hard
exercise with rest periods
J
Flexibility joints’ ability to move to their
full range
L
G
Glycogen
the
form
in
which,
carbohydrates are stored on the muscle
and liver
Governing body a group responsible for
rules, procedures and fixtures of a
particular game or event
Lactic acid produced in the muscle
tissues during strenuous exercise, as a
result of insufficient oxygen availability
M
Maximum heart rate calculated as 220
minus age
Mesomorph body that is characterised by
being muscular
H
Haemoglobin found in red blood cells;
transports oxygen to body tissue
Health a state of complete social, mental
and physical well-being
Heart rate the number of times the heart
beats per minute
Metabolic rate the speed at which energy
is used up
Minimum level of fitness (for health)
the resulting fitness level when over a
period of weeks three to five exercise
sessions of 20 minutes, raising the heart
rate to 60%-80% of its maximum, are
completed
GLOSSARY
Muscle definition muscle shape
Muscle endurance the ability to use
voluntary muscles, over long periods of
time without getting tired
Muscular fatigue the state of a muscle
when it can no longer contract
Muscle tone muscles in a state of very
slight tension, ready and waiting to be
used
Muscular strength the amount of force
a muscle can exert against a resistance
in one attempt
N
P
Performance-enhancing drugs
substances that artificially improve
personal characteristics and performance
Posture the way the muscles hold the
body when still or in motion
Power the ability to complete strength
performances quickly;
power = strength x speed
Principles of training ideas
effects of training SPORT.
behind
Professional a full time sportsperson who
gets paid for competing
O
Progression starting slowly and gradually
increasing the amount of exercise
completed
Obese a term used to describe people
who are very overfat
Pulse rate the rate per minute at which
the heart beats
Open Skills skills which exist in a
situation that is constantly changing
R
Overload following the principle that the
body can only be improved through
training more and harder than normal
Reaction time the time between the
presentation of a stimulus and the onset
of a movement
Recovery rate the time it takes for the
heart and metabolism to return to resting
after exercise
Overuse injury this can be caused by
using a part of the body too much or by
too much repetitive training
Oxygen debt the amount of oxygen
consumed during recovery above that
which would have been consumed in the
same time at rest, this results in a
shortfall in the oxygen available
Rehabilitate recovery from injury
Resting heart rate number of heart beats
per minute when the body is at rest
Reversibility any adaption that takes
place as a consequence of training will be
reversed when a person stops training
RICE rest, ice, compression, elevation;
order of treatment for a minor soft tissue
injury
GLOSSARY
S
Tidal volume amount of air breathed in or
out at rest
Self-esteem a feeling of being pleased
with, proud or confident of oneself
Training a planned programme which
uses scientific principles to improve
performance, skill, game ability and motor
and physical fitness
Simple/closed fracture break of the
bone when the skin is not broken
Skill-related fitness physical motor
abilities of the body adapted to specific
sports A B C P R T.
Somatotype particular body type and
shape of an individual. There are three
types: ectomorph, endomorph and
mesomorph
Specificity concentrating on specific
kinds of activity or exercise to build
specific body parts
Speed the differential rate at which an
individual is able to perform a movement
or cover a distance in a period of time
Station a place or area which is part of a
circuit used in circuit training
Stress a state of mental or emotional
strain leading to anxiety and nervous
tension
Stress-related illnesses illnesses such
as heart attack, ulcer, high blood
pressure
Stoke volume the amount of blood
pumped out of the heart by each
ventricle during one contraction
T
Technique the manner
someone performs a skill
in
which
U
Unconsciousness state of unawareness,
and unwakening sleep
V
VO2 max maximum amount of oxygen the
body can take in
W
Warm down a period of gentle exercise
after taking part in physical activity to
allow the body to recover safely and
return to its normal state
Warm-up exercises gradually putting
stresses on the body systems in
preparation for the main activity
Weight training progressively lifting
heavier weights to improve strength or
lifting weights more often to improve
stamina