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BIOMOLECULESBuilding BLOCKS OF ORGANISMS Carbon Compounds in Cells Organic Compounds • Organic compounds consists of carbon and one or more additional elements covalently bonded to one another • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Biomolecules • Those molecules that make up living things • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Importance of Carbon • Carbon has the ability to covalently bond to at as many of four other atoms. • Carbon has the ability to rotate freely around a single covalent bond • As a result carbon has the ability to form many varied structures • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Hydrocarbons • Organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Functional Groups • Atoms or groups of atoms that are attached to carbon backbones, that convey distinct properties, such as solubility and chemical reactivity. • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 3 Types of functional groups 1. Hydroxyl group - OH 2. Carboxyl group - COOH 3. Amines - NH2 • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ FUNCTIONAL GROUPS • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ How Cells Use Organic Compounds 1. Biosynthesis Reactions - two molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule. Dehydration synthesis 2. Hydrolysis - a molecule is broken down into two smaller molecules as a result of the addition of water 3. Enzymes - a special class of proteins that speed and initiate all chemical reactions in cells • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Important Biological Compounds 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Vitamins Minerals • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Carbohydrates • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • In a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O • Functional groups present include Hydroxyl groups • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Function of Carbohydrates in Cells 1.The breakdown of carbohydrates in our cells are the major source of energy for the cell. 2.Major structural component of plant cells • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Classification of Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are classified according to the number of sugar molecules that make them up • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 3 Types of Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Monosaccharides • Carbohydrates`that consist of only a single sugar unit • include glucose, fructose, galactose • These monosaccharides serve as the building blocks for much larger carbohydrates. • Glucose is the major source of cellular energy in cells • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Disaccharides • Composed of 2 monosaccharides • cells can make disaccharides by joining two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis. • Ex. Glucose + fructose = sucrose • Glucose + galactose = lactose • Energy in 8 hrs-hydrolysis • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ HYDROLYSIS • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Polysaccharides • Composed of 3 or more monosaccharides • made by way of biosynthesis of cells • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Polysaccharides • 1. Starch - hundreds of thousands of glucose molecules • made by plants to store energy for future use • easily hydrolized into individual glucose • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Polysaccharides • 2. Cellulose - form cell walls in plant cells • - also called fiber or ruffage • - indigestible by humans • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Types of Polysaccharides • 3. Glycogen - made in animal cells • - made for the purpose of short term energy storage • stored in liver and muscles • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Types of Polysaccharides • 4. Chitin • - a specialized polysaccharide that has nitrogen attached to it • - forms exoskeleton of arthropods • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Lipids • Lipids are nonpolar and do not dissolve in water • composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • contain the carboxyl functional group • ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ _____________________ Key Components of Lipids • Fatty acids are key components of many lipids • unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature - carbon chains have double bonds • saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature and carbon chains contain only single bonds • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Function of Lipids 1.Storage of energy in animals • animal cells will convert excess carbohydrates into lipids to be stored for later use 2. Key component in cell membranes-phospholipid • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Function of Lipids 3. Cushion for delicate organs 4. Carriers for vitamins A, D, E, K 5. Serve as the raw materials for the production of hormones 6. Insulation against the cold • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Types of Lipids 1.Triglycerides • formed by the union of 3 fatty acids and an alcohol called glycerol • those composed of saturated fatty acids are called fats and are made in plants • those that are composed of unsaturated fatty acids are called oils and are found in oils • excess carbohydrates in the body are converted to triglycerides until the energy is needed. • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Types of Lipids 2.Phospholipids • composed of glycerol and fatty acids as well as phosphate groups • are a major component of cell membranes • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Types of Lipids • 5. Waxes • composed of very long chains of fatty acids • serve as waterproof coating for plant leaves, animal fur, and feathers • 4. Sterols • serve as building blocks for hormones • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Proteins • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen • contain the carboxyl group and the amine group • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Key Components of Proteins • Proteins are composed of smaller units called amino acids • there are 20 different types of amino acids • the average protein is about 200 A.A. long • A.A acids can combine in millions of different ways to form millions of proteins • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Function of Proteins • Serve as the raw materials for the building of new cells and tissues • Help in disease fighting-antigens • Serve as transport agents in the bodyhemoglobin • Help to speed and initiate chemical reactions (enzymes) • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Protein Shape and Function • Every protein made by the cell has its own distinctive shape • it is the shape of the protein that helps to determine its function • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ PRIMARY PROTEINS SECONDARY PROTEIN • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ TERTIARY PROTEIN • ENZYMES • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ QUATERNARY PROTEIN • HEMOGLOBIN • CHLOROPHYLL • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Enzymes - Special Proteins • All reactions that take place in our cells are initiated and sped up as a result of a SPECIFIC enzyme. • All reactions require enzymes or they will not occur or occur much to slowly • Enzymes are catalysts (see glossary) • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Enzyme’s effects on Activation Energy • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Enzymes and Environment • High temperatures or changes in pH can cause an enzyme to lose its normal 3-D shape ( denaturation ) • this denaturation causes the enzyme to lose its normal functioning • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Nucleic Acids • Composed of building blocks called nucleotides • 2 main types – deoxyribonucleic acid (D.N.A) – ribonucleic acid ( R.N.A) • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________