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Organic Chemistry
Carbon
 Inorganic compound- does not
contain C and H
 Organic compound- contains C
and H
 All living things contain the
element C
4 types of Organic Compounds
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic Acids
 Carbohydrates-
Known as
Sugars
 Lipids-Known as fats and Oils
 Proteins- Known as
Polypeptides
 Nucleic Acids -DNA and RNA
Carbohydrates
 Composed
of the elements C,
H, O with a ratio of 2
Hydrogen's to every 1 oxygen
 Building blocks are simple
sugars called monosaccharide
 Carbohydrates
are used for
energy
 ex. Glucose in plants
 Ex. Structure: cellulose found in
cell walls of plants
 Monosaccharides-
one sugar
 Ex- glucose, fructose, dextrose,
and galactose
 Glucose- plants produce during
photosynthesis
 Fructose- found in fruit
 Galactose- found in milk
 Glucose
and fructose are
isomers- they have the same
formula but a different
arrangement of elements
 Disaccharides-
2 sugars (2
simple sugars joined by
saccharide bonds)
 Ex- sucrose (table sugar) lactose
(milk sugar) and maltose (malt
beverage)
 Polysaccharides-
many sugars
attached by many bonds
 Ex- starch – stores glucose in roots of
plants (potatoes) important food
source for humans (storage for
carbohydrates) glycogen- stores
glucose in liver cells in humans
(storage carbohydrates)
 Cellulose-
found in plant cell
walls to make rigid ( wood and
cotton fibers)
 Chitin – found in the
exoskeleton of arthropods
(insects) (structural
carbohydrate)
 Composed
Lipids
of elements C, H, and
O, but contains FEWER O’s than
carbohydrates
 Building blocks are glycerol and
fatty acids
 Lipids are used for cushion,
structure, insulation, and energy
storage
Types of Lipids
 Fatty
acids: made of glycerol and 3
fatty acids
 Saturated fatty acids- contains the
max amount of hydrogen's. They
are solids at room temperature
 Example is animal fat
 Unsaturated
fatty acids_ does NOT
contain the max amount of
hydrogens so double bonds are
present They are liquids at room
temperature
 Example: vegetable oil
Phospholipids
 Make
up cell membranes. They
are like fatty acids but contain a
phosphorus
Sterols
 Contain
a 4 ringed backbone
 Examples: cholesterol and
Steroids / hormones estrogen and
testosterone
Proteins
 Composed of the elements C, H,
O, and N (Sulfur is found in 2
amino acids)
 Building blocks are amino acids
(20 types)- contain a carboxyl
group---H atoms, a central C
atom, and a variable group
 Held
together by peptide
bonds- 2 amino acids
bound=polypeptide
 Proteins
are used for immunity,
structural proteins (muscles),
hormones, and catalysts (enzymes)
 Examples of proteins are
antibodies, muscles, enzymes, hair
Nucleic Acids
 Composed
of the elements C,
H, O, N, and P; made up of
nucleotides
 Building
blocks are nucleotides
which are made up of a simple
sugar (deoxyribose for DNA
and ribose for RNA), a
phosphate group and a
Nitrogen base (adenine,
cytosine, guanine, and thymine
for DNA
 And
adenine, cytosine, guanine,
and uracil for RNA
 Nucleic
Acids are used for
controlling cellular activities and
making proteins (GENES)
 Examples of nucleic acids are DNA
and RNA
Enzymes
 Made of proteins
 Acts as a catalyst- speeds up rate
of chemical reactions
 Can catobolize- break down or
anabolize-build up molecules
 Enzymes are not broken down,
they are recycled
 Substrate-
a molecule that
attaches to an enzyme to be
broken down of synthesized
 Active site- place when
substrate attaches to enzyme (
lock and key)
 Most enzymes end in -ase
 Hydrolysis-
uses water to break
down polymers into monomers
 Dehydration
Synthesis- makes
polymers by taking water out
monomers. This allows
monomers to bond (anabolism)