Download Year 7 History Knowledge Organiser Term 3/4

History Knowledge Organiser:
KPI 1: To be able to compare religion in the Norman era to the Medieval era
• The church has an important role in the lives of people during the Medieval
era. Most people in the Middle Ages lived their lives fully believing in the
reality of a spiritual realm all around them, and in heaven or hell when they
died.
• In the Middle Ages, the Church provided for people's religious lives – baptism
of babies, marriages, confession, the last rites for the dying and burying the
dead.
• However, the church was much more than a place to go to pray or look for
guidance:
• Monasteries and nunneries looked after the old and sick, provided
somewhere for travellers to stay, gave alms to the poor and sometimes
looked after people's money for them. Monasteries had running water and
good toilet facilities, and were much healthier than medieval towns and
villages.
o Monks could often read and write, so they copied books and
documents and taught children.
o Monasteries often had libraries.
o Church festivals and saints' days were 'holy days', when people didn't
have to work.
o The Church put on processions and 'miracle plays'.
• The Church played a big part in government:
o Bishops sat in the House of Lords.
o They could raise an army for the king in times of war.
• Anybody who was not a Roman Catholic Christian was persecuted: Jewish
people were often attacked and in 1290 were expelled from England.
• Monks and nuns took vows of poverty (no money), chastity (no sex) and
obedience (obeying the Abbot or Abbess).
• There were many different orders of monks – eg Benedictines, known as
'black monks', and Cistercians, known as 'white monks', named after the
colour of the habits they wore. Monks usually live in closed communities.
• Monks built huge monasteries, such as Fountains Abbey in Yorkshire.
Key Terms
Definitions
Doom painting
A painting that depicted heaven and hell and were
used in churches for people who could not understand
Latin.
Alms
Money or food given to poor people.
Monastery
a building or buildings occupied by a community
of monks living under religious vows.
Reformation
A period of change. Started by Henry VIII when he
decided to split the English church away from the
Pope and become the Head of the Church of England.
KPI2: To be able to explain a range of ways in which religion affected
medieval society (nationally/locally and socially);
Nationally: As the Early Modern era started, the way people looked at life
and the world around them began to change. Some began to question
traditional beliefs. This led to conflicts about religion and many people
died because of their views.
Attempts to reform the Catholic Church and the development of
Protestant Churches in western Europe are known as the Reformation.
The Reformation began in 1517 when a German monk called Martin
Luther protested about the Catholic Church. His followers became known
as Protestants.
Many people and governments adopted the new Protestant ideas, and
found themselves attacked by those who remained faithful to the Roman
Catholic religion. This led to a split in the Church.
History Knowledge Organiser:
KPI2: To be able to explain a range of ways in which religion affected medieval
society (nationally/locally and socially);
The Reformation in England
This period of time must have been confusing for people living in England. This
was brought about by Henry VIII and what followed was a consequence of this.
Therefore, the role of religion has played a massive part in English history.
• Henry VIII split the English Church away from the Pope, but this was an
argument about the succession and power and not a move towards
Protestantism. Henry remained a Catholic to the end of his life.
• Edward VI was a Protestant.
• Mary I tried to restore the Catholic Church.
• Elizabeth I at first tried to follow a 'middle way' in religion, but later began to
persecute Catholics – by the end of her reign England was a Protestant
country.
• James I was tolerant towards the Catholics, but introduced strict anti-Catholic
laws after the Gunpowder Plot.
• Charles I ended up fighting a civil war against Oliver Cromwell – who was a
Puritan.
• Charles II and James II were Catholics. They tried to relax the laws against
Catholics.
Religion locally – St Mary’s Church, Swindon
• This urban area has at its centre the ancient village of Hreod Burna meaning
red or reed stream. he stream still runs through a pleasant grassy area
maintained by the council. Its modern name is Rodbourne Cheney. The
Cheney family owned the manor after the Norman Conquest. The name
Cheney dates back to 1242 when Ralph Chany owned the manor.
• The sixteenth Century manor house and part of the village green survive
surrounded by newer developments.
• The medieval parish church of St Marys is now by the council estate of
Moredon built in the early 1950s.Part of the old Saxon cross is built into the
wall of the church tower.
• St Mary’s Church, standing on the north side of Akers Way and surrounded by
an old stone wall, was consecrated (declared) in approximately 1250. The first
recorded vicar at the Church was Johannes Channeu in 1308.
Key Terms
Definitions
Pilgrimage
A journey to visit a place/monument of religious
importance.
Purgatory
A state of suffering if you have sinned (hell).
Cleric
Priest or religious leader, especially a Christian or
Muslim one.
KPI2: To be able to explain a range of ways in which religion
affected medieval society (nationally/locally and socially);
Socially
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Religion played an important part in people's lives: Many
people chose a career in the Church or in a monastery.
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In 1300 one in twenty townspeople was a cleric.
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Many knights tried to earn forgiveness for their sins by going
on Crusade.
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Many people went on a pilgrimage to try to reduce the time
they spent in Purgatory.
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A person who had been on pilgrimage would wear a badge to
show which shrine he had visited. Each shrine would have a
different symbol that could be understood even by people
who couldn't read or write:
St Thomas Becket at Canterbury (a small bottle of
oil)
St James of Compostela in Spain (a shell)
Rome (cross keys)
Jerusalem (a palm leaf)
History Knowledge Organiser:
KPI 3: To be able to explain why there were clashes between Christendom and Islam
during the Middle Ages.
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In the Middle Ages, the Muslim world stretched from India to Spain, including
Jerusalem and the Holy Land. It was a world that was more forward thinking than
Christian countries in Western Europe. For example in medicine.
By 1070, more and more Turkish nomads were settling in the Christian Byzantine
Empire and the Byzantines felt threatened by this. Then, from 1087 onwards, Turks
stopped Christian pilgrims from entering Jerusalem.
For Jews, Christians and Muslims, Jerusalem was and still is a holy city. In fact for
Medieval Christians it was the centre of their world spiritually and geographically
according to their maps.
In 1095, Pope Urban II promised the knights of Europe forgiveness of their sins if
they went on a Crusade to win back Jerusalem for Christianity. Many responded by
"taking the cross" and showed this act by cutting out red crosses before sewing
them into their tunics.
There was not just one Crusade, there were many. Over the next three centuries
more were to follow. The Crusaders failed to keep any of the territory they
conquered, but they discovered many new things, such as better castle design,
gunpowder, science , medicine and numbers that were easier to use than Roman
numerals.
The Crusades are often romanticised – seen as something that was a great
adventure. However, in fact, the Crusaders were invading a foreign country, and
many Crusaders committed what we would regard today as criminal atrocities.
In 1071, Muslim Turks defeated the army of the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of
Manzikert and Turkish nomads settled in the Christian Byzantine Empire. In 1095,
the Emperor of Byzantium appealed to Pope Urban II for help. Pope Urban II asked
the knights of Europe to go on a pilgrimage which later became regarded as the first
Crusade to win back Jerusalem for Christianity.
An army of knights and nobles captured Jerusalem in 1099. It was claimed that the
Crusaders killed the Muslims until the streets ran with blood. The loss of Jerusalem
was a terrible blow to the Muslims. For them, Jerusalem was, and still is, the third
holy city of Islam.
The Crusaders took over the two Muslim sacred buildings, the Aqsa Mosque and the
Dome of the Rock. They deeply offended the Muslims by the way they behaved in
them.
Christians in Spain began to move southwards and recapture lands that had once
been Christian from the Muslims.
History Knowledge Organiser:
KPI 3: To be able to why there were clashes between Christendom and Islam during the Middle Ages.
Date
Event
1096‒1099
First Crusade
First an army of peasants led by Peter the Hermit (a French priest and key leader of the Crusades) set off for the
Holy Land. They were massacred by the Turks. An army of knights followed, led by Godfrey of Bouillon (Frankish
knight and another leader of the first Crusades), which massacred Muslims and captured Jerusalem in 1099.
1145‒1149
Second Crusade
King Louis VII of France invaded the Holy Land, but was defeated at Damascus.
1189‒1192
Third Crusade
In 1187, the Muslim ruler Saladin had recaptured Jerusalem. The Crusaders (who included King Richard I of
England) captured the port of Acre. But they quarrelled, and failed to capture Jerusalem. On the way home,
Richard was kidnapped and held ransom until February 1194 when the English paid for his release.
1202-1204
Fourth Crusade
The Pope wanted to unite western and eastern Christians under his authority. He diverted this Crusade, with the
help of Venice, and captured Constantinople in 1204. Christians fought Christians.
Children's Crusade – children set off on Crusade. They were kidnapped and sold as slaves.
1212
Children’s Crusade
1217‒1250
Fifth-Seventh
Crusades
Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Crusades all failed.
1396
‘Last’ Crusade
An army of French and Hungarian knights were massacred. Some historians refer to it as the 'last' Crusade
History Knowledge Organiser:
KPI 4: To be able to evaluate a range of sources that look at the significance of the
crusades and their impact on religion.
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Ultimately the Crusades failed to create the Holy Land that was part of Christendom,
but in the process they changed the western world forever.
The Crusades provoked reactions from Muslim states, rather than anything else.
The Crusaders learned more about warfare – better castle design and gunpowder.
Muslim scholars taught European scholars many things about science and medicine.
The number system they used (1, 2, 3, 4) was more straightforward than Roman
numerals (I, II, III, IV) and made calculations easier to do. The use of "0" in Arabic
enabled the early scientists of the Renaissance to develop the ideas of the Arabic and
Ancient Greek astronomers. We still use this numeric system today.
Western Europeans learned that the Muslim world stretched to India and traded with
China.
Western Europeans re-learned many things, such as lemons, apricots, sugar, silk and
cotton and spices used in cooking.
These goods were in great demand and became very expensive, especially as the
Muslims charged merchants high duties to pass through their lands. One of the
reasons Christopher Columbus discovered America was because he tried to avoid
these duties by sailing west to India.
Not all the Crusaders went home after fighting the Muslims. Many of them who went
to the Holy Land liked it so much that they stayed and adopted a Middle Eastern way
of life.
The legacy of the Crusades on England
• The Crusades led to the emergence of military and religious orders which were
founded during the First and the Second Crusades. Perhaps the most famous one is
the Knights Templar. They were an elite fighting force created originally from French
knights to help in the first Crusade and protect travelling pilgrims. Over time with
Papal support the order spread throughout Europe and acquired great wealth. By
protecting the wealth of pilgrims at different points on their journey, the Knights
Templar inadvertently helped lay down some of the principles of modern
international banking.
• The Knights of St John were founded in 1023 to help ill or injured pilgrims. This aspect
of its work remains in the St John Ambulance, which is connected to the Order of St
John.
• While the Crusades were supported in England they were expensive. Arming, feeding
and securing safe passage for armies was a significant drain on the national economy.
Demands for higher taxation were never popular, but when Richard was taken
hostage by another Christian ruler in 1192 for example, his father Henry II, raised a
'Saladin Tithe' (a tax) to pay the ransom which saw him released in February 1194.
Key Terms
Definitions
Crusade
Each of a series of medieval military expeditions
made by Europeans to recover the Holy Land
from the Muslims in the 11th, 12th, and 13th
centuries.
Christendom
The Christian world – those countries that are largely
under the Christian faith during the Medieval era.
Holy Land
A region on the eastern shore of the
Mediterranean, in what is now Israel and
Palestine, revered by Christians as the place in
which Christ lived and taught, by Jews as the land
given to the people of Israel, and by Muslims. 1.1
Pilgrims
People who go on a religious journey.