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The Power of Roman Catholic Church
ESSENTIAL LEARNING: Students will understand the importance and influence of religion on each
civilization. Students will be able to identify and understand the significance of defining moments of
each civilization.
CURRICULUM OUTCOME: Students should be able to explain the role of religion in
medieval Europe (Unit 5 -3). Students should be able to distinguish the types of conflict which
characterized the medieval period (Unit 5 – 9).
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THE INQUISITION
The Church created a court called the Inquisition, or Holy Office, to deal with heretics. Heretics
were those who did not follow basic church doctrines (teachings).
The court developed a regular procedure to find and try heretics. The Dominican monks became
especially well-known for their roles as examiners or “inquisitors”.
Those who confessed t performed public penance and received punishments, such as flogging.
Beginning in 1252, the Inquisition added the element of torture to extract confessions. Those who
did not confess but were still considered guilty and those who had done penance for heresy and
then relapsed were subject to execution by the state. The most severe execution was being burnt at
the stake.
THE CRUSADES
Around 1000, the kingdoms of Western Europe had one thing in common – Christianity.
The Crusades exemplify the church’s great influence over medieval European society.
The Crusades were holy wars against the Muslims and Arabs who controlled the Holy Land
(Jerusalem and other sites Jesus preached).
Muslims and Arabs had controlled the Holy Land since the 7th century. They did, however, tolerate
Christian pilgrims.
In 1071, a hard-line Muslim group took over the Holy Land and banned Christian pilgrims.
Pope Urban II called on European kings to launch a crusade or holy war to retake the Holy Land in
the name of Christianity.
The 1st Crusade (1096-1099)
 A successful campaign that involved up 34 000 knights and peasant soldiers
 The Europeans took Muslim territory along the eastern Mediterranean and renamed the area
the Christian States.
 In 1099, the Crusaders captured the Holy Land and the Holy City (Jerusalem).
The 2nd Crusade (1147)
 A failure: The Crusaders unsuccessfully attempted to win back lands the Muslims had
recaptured.
The 3rd Crusade (1187-1192)
 Saladin (a great Muslim leader) captured Jerusalem and 3 European Kings led by Richard the
Lionheart of England launched a crusade to retake the Holy City.
 Neither side could defeat the other, therefore, they called a truce in 1192. Christians were now
allowed to visit Jerusalem.
Mrs. Saunders: Ancient and Medieval History
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The Power of Roman Catholic Church
Results of the Crusades
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The Pope and the Roman Catholic Church became highly esteemed thanks to the 1st and 3rd
crusades.
Kings actually became more powerful because many of those that might have challenged their
authority were killed in the Crusades.
Eastern products were introduced to Europe (ie. Cotton, sugar, spices).
Mrs. Saunders: Ancient and Medieval History
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