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The Power of Roman Catholic Church ESSENTIAL LEARNING: Students will understand the importance and influence of religion on each civilization. Students will be able to identify and understand the significance of defining moments of each civilization. CURRICULUM OUTCOME: Students should be able to explain the role of religion in medieval Europe (Unit 5 -3). Students should be able to distinguish the types of conflict which characterized the medieval period (Unit 5 – 9). THE INQUISITION The Church created a court called the Inquisition, or Holy Office, to deal with heretics. Heretics were those who did not follow basic church doctrines (teachings). The court developed a regular procedure to find and try heretics. The Dominican monks became especially well-known for their roles as examiners or “inquisitors”. Those who confessed t performed public penance and received punishments, such as flogging. Beginning in 1252, the Inquisition added the element of torture to extract confessions. Those who did not confess but were still considered guilty and those who had done penance for heresy and then relapsed were subject to execution by the state. The most severe execution was being burnt at the stake. THE CRUSADES Around 1000, the kingdoms of Western Europe had one thing in common – Christianity. The Crusades exemplify the church’s great influence over medieval European society. The Crusades were holy wars against the Muslims and Arabs who controlled the Holy Land (Jerusalem and other sites Jesus preached). Muslims and Arabs had controlled the Holy Land since the 7th century. They did, however, tolerate Christian pilgrims. In 1071, a hard-line Muslim group took over the Holy Land and banned Christian pilgrims. Pope Urban II called on European kings to launch a crusade or holy war to retake the Holy Land in the name of Christianity. The 1st Crusade (1096-1099) A successful campaign that involved up 34 000 knights and peasant soldiers The Europeans took Muslim territory along the eastern Mediterranean and renamed the area the Christian States. In 1099, the Crusaders captured the Holy Land and the Holy City (Jerusalem). The 2nd Crusade (1147) A failure: The Crusaders unsuccessfully attempted to win back lands the Muslims had recaptured. The 3rd Crusade (1187-1192) Saladin (a great Muslim leader) captured Jerusalem and 3 European Kings led by Richard the Lionheart of England launched a crusade to retake the Holy City. Neither side could defeat the other, therefore, they called a truce in 1192. Christians were now allowed to visit Jerusalem. Mrs. Saunders: Ancient and Medieval History Page 1 The Power of Roman Catholic Church Results of the Crusades The Pope and the Roman Catholic Church became highly esteemed thanks to the 1st and 3rd crusades. Kings actually became more powerful because many of those that might have challenged their authority were killed in the Crusades. Eastern products were introduced to Europe (ie. Cotton, sugar, spices). Mrs. Saunders: Ancient and Medieval History Page 2