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Chapter 17 Section Four The Reformation Continues John Calvin Was born in France Had as much influence on Protestants as Luther did 1539 Published Institutes of Christian Religion which expressed Calvin’s ideas about God, salvation, and human nature. Taught that men and women are sinful by nature. Taught that God chooses very few people to save. The saved are called the elect. Believed in predestination- that god has known since the beginning of time who would be saved Calvin in Geneva Calvin believed that the ideal govt. was theocracy -govt. controlled by religious leaders. 1542 Protestants in Geneva Switzerland asked Calvin to lead their city. Geneva had been a self-governing city of about 20,000 people. Calvin ran the city according to strict rules. Everyone attended religion classes No one wore bright clothing or played card games Calvinism in Geneva If you broke the rules you could be imprisoned,excommunicated or banished. Anyone who preached a different doctrine would be burned at the stake. Many Protestants believed that Calvin’s Geneva was a model city of highly moral citizens John Knox in Scotland Preacher from Scotland named John Knox visited Calvin’s Geneva. He returned to Scotland and put Calvin’s ideas to work in Scottish towns. Each community church was governed by a small group if laymen called elders or presbyters. Followers of Knox were called Presbyterians 1560’s Protestant nobles led by Knox were successful in making Calvinism the official religion of Scotland. Also deposed the Catholic Queen in favor of her infant son Spread of Calvinism Swiss, Dutch, and French reformers also adopted Calvinism. Many protestant churches today trace their roots to Calvin although they have softened his teachings a bit. Huguenots in France Calvin’s followers in France were called Huguenots Hatred between the Huguenots and Catholics in France often led to violence Aug. 24, 1572- Paris- the Catholic Feast of St. Bartholomew's Day - at dawn Catholic mobs began hunting Protestants and murdering them. The massacres spread to other French cities and lasted 6 months Up to 12,000 Huguenots were killed. The Anabaptists As Christians began to read and interpret the bible for themselves new Protestant groups formed over differences in beliefs. Anabaptists- Group who baptized only those persons who were old enough to decide for themselves to be Christian. Believed that people who had been baptized as children should be baptized again as adults. Believed that church and state should be separate and refused to fight in wars. Shared their possessions More on the Anabaptists Both Catholics and other Protestants persecuted the Anabaptists They survived and became the forerunners of the Mennonites and Amish churches Their teachings influenced later groups like Quakers and Baptists who split from the Anglican Church. Women of the Reformation Marguerite of Navarre (sister of Francis I king of France) protected John Calvin from being executed for his beliefs while he lived in France. Katherine Zell -wife of reformer Matthew Zell of Switzerland spent lots of time visiting people in need (plague victims, prisoners, etc) Katherine Zell scolded a minister for speaking unkindly about others and when he told her she was disturbing the peace she let him have it. Pg. 435 Katherine von Bora (Luther) Katherina von Bora- (Luther’s wife) was placed in a convent when she was 10 and took the vows of a nun when she was 16 She was inspired by Luther’s teachings and escaped the convent. She married Luther and had six children with him She managed the family finances, maintained the home, and supported Luther’s work She argued with Luther about a woman’s equal role in a marriage. Ignatius of Loyola The Catholic reformation was intended to help Catholics who had remained loyal to the Catholic Church. One great reformer was Ignatius of Loyola He grew up in his father’s castle. Had a turning point in his life when he was injured fighting in a war in 1521. He thought about his past and the life of Jesus and believed that daily devotions cleansed his soul. 1522- wrote a book called Spiritual Exercises that laid out a day by day plan of prayer, meditation, and study. Founding of the Jesuits Ignatius gathered followers for 18 years. In 1540 the Pope made the followers of Ignatius a religious order called the Society of Jesus commonly called the Jesuits The Jesuits concentrated on three activities Founded and ran excellent schools Converted non-Christians by sending out missionaries Stop the spread of Protestants Reforming Popes Two Popes of the 1500’s took the lead in reforming the church Pope Paul III- (1534-1549) Took four steps toward reform Directed a Council of Cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and other abuses within the Church Approved the Jesuit order Used the Inquisition to seek out and punish heresy in Papal territories Called the Council of Trent The Council of Trent At the Council of Trent Catholic bishops and Cardinals agreed on several church doctrines The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic Christians need both faith and good works to achieve salvation The Bible and Church traditions were equally powerful authorities for Christians to guide their Christian life Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. Pope Paul IV Carried out the decrees of the Council of Trent 1559 - had officials draw up a list of books considered dangerous to the Catholic Faith called The Index Of Forbidden Books. Catholic Bishops were ordered to gather up books from the list and burn them in bonfires In Venice 10,000 books were burned in one day. Reformation …modern world The Reformation set the stage for the modern world. Protestant churches thrived despite religious wars and persecution Religion no longer united Europe Individual monarchs and states grew in power in the absence of Church influence Groundwork was laid for a rejection of Christian beliefs that would occur in Western Culture in later centuries.