Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Oxidative phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Isotopic labeling wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Ch 2-- Matter I. Matter A. Atom – 1. subatomic particles – protons, neutrons, electrons a. protonsb. neutron – c. electrons B. Elements – pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom 1. Represented by ______________ 2. atomic number – 3. mass number – a. Number of neutrons= 4. Electron Cloud- area around nucleus where electrons are orbiting 1st level holds ________ 2nd level holds ___________ 3rd level holds _________ 4th level holds ______________ 5. Ex - 17 Cl 35.453 Atomic number __________ Atomic mass _____________ Number of protons __________ Number of neutrons __________ Number of electrons __________ C. Isotopes – D. Radioactive isotopes – nuclei are unstable and break down at a constant rate over time 1. geologists determine age of rocks and fossils by analyzing the isotopes in them 2. 3. used as tracers E. Compounds – EX – H2O F. Chemical Bonds 1. valence electrons – 2. ionic bonds – when 1 or more electrons are ___________ from one atom to another Ex – Draw – 3. covalent bond – forms when electrons are ______________ between atoms EX – Draw- ---ions- positive or negative charged atom + Charge – - Charge - 4. molecules-the smallest unit of most compounds, the structure that results when atoms are joined together by covalent bonds Subscript – Coefficient – Element Number of Atoms H2O2 2H2O2 5. Van der Waals Forces – when molecules are close together, a slight attraction can develop between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules Ex – geckos G. Physical change = ExH. chemical change – Ex – II. Properties of Water --Most abundant compound in living things -- --expands when it freezes so ice is less dense than liquid water A. Water Molecule – 1. polarity2. EX—Draw the water molecule 3. hydrogen bonds – water can have as many as 4 H bonds at the same time a. cohesion – ----Surface Tension – Ex – insect walk on water, drops of water form beads on smooth surface b. adhesion – Ex – meniscus – 1. capillary action – adhesion causes H2O to rise in a narrow tube a. ex – B. Solutions and Suspensions 1. mixtureEx – a. solution – 1. ex – Solute – Solvent – H2O – the greatest solvent of Earth b. suspensions – mixture of water and undissolved materials C. Acids, Bases, pH 1. pH scale – a. 0-14 pH 7 = Ex- pure water pH below 7 = pH above 7 = 2. Acids – pH of 1-3 = strong acid Ex – 3. Bases – pH of 11-14 = strong base Ex – lye 4. buffers – weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH for maintaining homeostasis a. fluids within most body cells must be kept between 6.5-7.5 III. Carbon Compounds organic chemistry – study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms A. chemistry of carbon 1. carbon atoms can bond to other carbon atoms to form very long chains B. macromolecules – 1. monomers – smaller unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers 2. polymers – 3. dehydration synthesis – the formation of a chemical bond by removing a water molecule 4 types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, protein 1. Carbohydrates – a. living things use carbohydrates as their main________________ b. living things store extra sugar as ________________________ c. monosaccharides – ex – glucose, galactose (milk), fructose (fruit) Disaccharides – Ex- d. polysaccharides ex – glycogen (animal starch), causes_____________________ ex – cellulose – 2. Lipids – macromolecules made mostly of C and H atoms and are not soluble in H2O a. b. ex – 2 Types: 1. saturated – Ex- butter 2. unsaturated – Ex – olive oil 3. nucleic acids – macromolecules that contain H, O, N, C, and P which are formed from nucleotides a. nucleotide – b. c. 2 kinds – _______ – deoxyribose nucleic acid sugar=deoxyribose ________ – ribonucleic acid Sugar = ribose 4. proteina. 20 different amino acids b. instructions for arranging amino acids into different proteins are stored in __________ c. each protein has a specific role d. Have an _________________ group (-NH2) on one end, a _______________________ (-COOH) on the other end, and an ________________. The R-group makes proteins different from each other IV. Chemical Reactions and Enzymes A. chemical reactions – ex – iron + O → rust H + O → H 2O Reactants – Products - B. Energy Changes 1. a. occur spontaneously b. energy released in form of _____________________ 2. chemical reactions that absorb energy – Endothermic a. will not occur without a source of energy b. in plants, the energy comes from ____________ in animals, the energy comes from ______________ C. Activation Energy – D. Catalyst 1. catalysts lower a reaction’s activation energy 2. Enzymes – proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in cells a. substrate – reactant of an enzyme – catalyzed reaction b. substrates bind to a site on the enzyme called the ______________________ c. Enzyme-Substrate Complex – the enzyme and substrate comes together to form this d. “Lock and Key” model -