Download Updated Recovery Packet for Biochemistry.

BioChem Recovery Packet
Name __________________________________________
Recovery Packet for THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 - Questions to help
you review and study are at the end of the outline. There is a practice quiz at the end of the
packet. You must complete the questions and practice test to recover the test. Remember to use
www.usatestprep.com and GA virtual academy are great ways to review.
(http://cms.gavirtualschool.org/Shared/Science/Biology_15/Biology_Shared/Biology_BiologicalMolecu
les_Shared/index.html Tests may be recovered through September 4th.
I. THE NATURE OF MATTER (2-1)
A. ATOMS (Atoms + Unable to be cut)- Basic unit of Matter
1. Subatomic Particles
a. Protons = +1 charge in nucleus
b. Neutrons = No charge in nucleus
c. Electrons = -1 charge in constant motion around nucleus in cloud
2. # OF PROTONS = # of electrons in an atom if atom neutral
B. ELEMENTS AND ISOTOPES
1. Element - Pure substance of 1 type of atom
a. More than 100, but only about 2 dozen in living things

1.) 6 most common : C, H, O, N, P, S (1st 4-95% of BODY)
b. Symbols
c. Atomic Number - # of Protons in atom determines what element it is!!

* Ex. C has 6 p & 6 e–s!
d. Atomic Mass Number - # of protons + # of neutrons
2. Isotope - Atoms of same element with diff # of neutrons
Ex. C-12, C-13, C-14
(p. 36, Fig 2-2)
Mass Number – has decimal to include average mass of all isotopes!
Some isotopes radioactive – can be dangerous
Ex. C-14
Uses: Dating fossils, Treat cancer, Kill bacteria & “Tracers” in metabolic pathways
C. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS- Substance formed by chemical combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportions
1. Chemical formula - Show elements and proportions
a. EX. H2O, NaCl, FeO2
2. Compound properties are different from element properties
a. Ex. H2, O2 – H2O ; Na, Cl2 – NaCl
D. CHEMICAL BONDS – involve e’s in atoms, hold compounds together
TYPES
a. IONIC BONDS - 1 or more e’s transferred to another atom
Result: + chg. attracted to - chg.
Ex: 2Na + C12  2NaCl (p. 38, Fig. 2-3)
b. COVALENT BONDS - 2 or more e’s shared by >2 atoms
1. Single Covalent = 1 pr. e’s shared between 2 atoms
a. EX. H2O molecule (p. 38, Fig 2-4)
2. Double Covalent = 2 pr e’s shared between 2 atoms, O2
3. Triple Covalent = 3 pr e’s shared between 2 atoms, N2
4. Molecule = smallest unit of most compounds
2. VANDER WAALS FORCES - force of attraction between 2 or more molecules of
a compound
a. CAUSE: unequal sharing of e- in molecule make some + and others - =Opposites attract!
b. ex. Gecko “stuck” to wall by Vander Waal’s Force (p. 39, fig. 2-5.)
Section Assessment 2-1, p. 39.
II. PROPERTIES OF WATER (2-2)
A. The Water Molecule
1
BioChem Recovery Packet
Name __________________________________________
1. Polarity = substance in which the electrons are unevenly distributed in the molecule = “polar” molecule
a. H2O POLAR – O attracts e-’s more, so –chg; H has + chg (p. 40, Fig 2-6)
2. Hydrogen bonds = attraction between + and – parts or 2 or more diff. polar molecules. (TYPE OF
WANDER WAAL’S FORCES)
a. H2O can form up to 4 H bonds at a time giving H2O special properties
Cohesion = attraction between molecules of same substance
H2O Cohesion- creates surface tension
Bugs on surface of H2O
How many drops of water will fit on a penny?
Adhesion = Attraction between molecules of different substances
H2O Adhesion – to smooth sides of tubes
causes : meniscus
capillary action = H2O rising in tube against force of gravity, important to plants
B. Solutions and suspensions
1. Mixture = material composed of 2 or more elements and/or compounds physically combined; no specific
ratio
a. ex. Salt = pepper, atm., pizza
b. Solution = special mixture with even distribution (1 phase is homogeneous)
H2O – makes solutions easily, because polar molecule attracts other polar molecules (p. 42, fig 2-9) UNIVERSAL
SOLVENT
Parts
Solvent (usually water)
Solute (what is dissolving: sugar, koolaid)
c. Suspension = mixture with small particles “floating”, don’t
settle out, but not
really “dissolved” (heterogeneous- more that 1 phase)
1.) H2O molecule movement keeps from settling
EX. Human Blood Cells “suspended”
C. Acids, Bases and pH
H2O separates into ions H2O > H+ + OH1 H2O molecule in 500 million will do this, but H+ ion balances OH- ion, so H2O sample neutral
Acid = compound that forms H+ ions in solution (dissolved in H2O)
strong acid = pH 1-3; Ex: fruit juice, stomach acid
<_____________________________________________________>
0 Acid
<
7 Neutral
>
14
Base = compound that produces OH- ions in solution
Strong base pH 11-14; bleach, soap, antacid
Buffer = weak acid or base that react w/strong acids or bases to prevent sudden chg. in pH.
Most body cells need pH to stay 6.5 – 7.5
pH Scale + indicates concentration of H+ ions (p. 43, Fig. 2-10)
Section Assessment 2-2 p. 43
III. CARBON COMPOUNDS (2-3)
*Organic Chemistry -study of all compounds with C atoms
A. CHEMISTRY OF CARBON
1. Has 4 e-s in outer valence, so can form up to 4 covalent bonds
2. Bonds with other C atoms, plus other elements (H, O, N, P, S, etc.)
3. C Bonds to C Form: - single, double or triple (p. 44, Fig 2-11)
chains, branched chains, ring
B. MACROMOLECULES - “GIANT” MOLECULES
1. Polymerization = process of forming macromolecules
a. Monomers (“small unit”) join together (bond) to form Polyme (p. 45, Fig 2-12)
2. 4 Types of organic compounds in living things
a. Carbohydrates
1. C, H, O Atoms; H:O Ratio 2:1
2
BioChem Recovery Packet
Name __________________________________________
2. Use:
a.) main energy source
b.) plants & some animals structural parts
3. Monosaccharide = simple sugar
a.) ex. glucose, galactose, fructose
Digest carbs. to release simple sugars to burn for energy!
4. Polysaccharides = macromolecules formed of monosaccharides
a.) ex. Glycogen = “animal starch” = stored excess sugar
b.) Plant starch = stored excess sugar & Cellulose = tough, flexible fiber in plants for
strength, rigidity (wood, paper)
b. Lipids
1.) Not H2O soluble
2.) Contain C, H, with a little O
3.) Common types: Fats, Oils, Waxes
4.) Use: - Store energy
- Part of cell membranes
- Waterproof coverings
- Steroids - Chemical Messengers
5.) Form: Combine fatty acids with glycerol (p.46,Fig 2-14)
a.) Saturated – only single C bonds, “Sat” with H, “bad” for you, solid at room T
(raises cholesterol)
b.) Unsaturated – at least 1 C double bond, “unsat.” with H)
“good” for you, liquid at room T (ex. Cooking oils)
c. Nucleic Acids
1.) contain: C, H, O, N, P
2.) monomers: NUCLEOTIDES - 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
3.) Use: store/transmit hereditary info
4.) 2 kinds: DNA, RNA
d. Proteins -> 1.) contain: C, H, O, N, 2.) monomers: amino acids – amino acids
3.) Only 20 diff. Types of A.A.’s, BUT:
Each can bind to any other kind = multiple types of proteins
Use: - enzymes = control & regulate reaction
-bone, muscle parts
-transport in/out of cells
-antibodies to fight disease
Many shapes due to H Bonds + Vander Waal’s Forces
IV. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND ENZYMES
A. Chemical Reaction = Process changes 1 set of chem. to another
1. Reactants = materials entering RXN. (on left of arrow)
2. Products = materials resulting from RXN. (on right of arrow)
Always break bonds in reactants & form new bonds in products.
Ex. CO2 + H2OH2CO3 (allows blood to carry CO2)
Energy in Reactions – may be released or absorbed
1. If release energy – usually spontaneous
2. If absorb energy – must use energy to start reaction
e. Most organic reactions this type, so organisms need source of energy (sun, food)
3. Activation energy = energy needed to start reaction
B. Enzymes
1. Catalyst = Chemicals that speeds up rate of reaction
a. Enzyme = Biological catalyst that work by decrease activation energy (p. 51, Fig. 2-20)
i. Specific to 1 type of chemical reaction
ii. Named for pathway (all end in –ase)
iii. Ex. Carbonic anhydrase: Enzyme to convert carbon dioxide so blood can carry it away
to lungs increase rate of reaction by 10 million X faster! CO2 + H2OH2CO3
C. Enzyme Action – Enzymes provide active site for chemical substrates to come together to react (match maker)
1. Enzyme unchanged by reaction
3
BioChem Recovery Packet
Name __________________________________________
2. Enzymes affected by:
a. pH (digestive enzymes work at specific pH
b. Temperature (Human enzymes–best about 37deg.C (98 deg F)
c. Protein “keys” turn enzymes “on” or “off”
3. Need enzymes: regulation, manufacture, release energy, transferring information
Review Questions: Atoms
1. What are atoms? _______________________________________
2. Fill in the table below about the subatomic particles:
3. If the atom is neutral, the number of _____________ = number of
__________.
4. What is a pure substance of only 1 type of atom? _____________
5. What are the 6 most common elements? ___________________________
6. What is the atomic mass number? ______________________________
7. An isotope has the same number of _____________, but a different number of
___________.
8. Give three uses of isotopes.
1. _______________________________________
2. _______________________________________
3. _______________________________________
Compounds
9. What is a chemical compound? __________________________________
10. What shows chemical elements & proportions? _____________________
11. Chemical bonds involve ________________.
12. Electrons are transferred in a _______________ bond.
13. Electrons are shared in a ______________________ bond.
14. Single covalent bonds share _______ electrons or _____ pair of electrons.
15. Double covalent bonds share _______ electrons or _____ pair of electrons.
16. Triple covalent bonds share _______ electrons or _____ pair of electrons.
17. What is a molecule? __________________________________
18. What is an attraction between 2 or more molecules? _________________
19. What causes Vanderwaals forces? ________________________
20. What do Vanderwaals forces allow the Gecko to do? _____________
WATER
What is a polar molecule? ________________________________________
Why is water considered a polar molecule? ____________________________
What are H-bonds? __________________________________________
How many H-Bonds can water form? ________________________________
What is cohesion? _______________________________________________
What properties does cohesion allow water to have? ____________________
What is adhesion? ______________________________________________
What properties does adhesion allow water to have? ____________________
4
BioChem Recovery Packet
Name __________________________________________
What is capillary action? ________________________________
Day 4 Solution & Supension
What is a mixture? __________________________________
Give an example of a mixture: ________________________________
A mixture with 1 phase is called a _____________________.
Give an example of a solution: __________________________
Why does water make solutions easily? _____________________________
What is the Universal Solvent? _______________________
What is a solvent? ____________________________________
What is a solute? ______________________________________
What is a suspension? ____________________________
What is homogenous? ___________________________________
Give an example of a homogeneous solution: _________________________
What is heterogeneous? ___________________________________
Give an example of a heterogeneous solution: _________________________
Acids & Bases
A water molecule separates into _____________ & _____________ ions.
Why is pure water neutral? _____________________________________
What is an acid? _____________________________________________
Give an example of an acid: ______________________________
What is a base? ___________________________________
Give an example of a base:________________________________
What is a buffer? _______________________________________
Give an example of a buffer: __________________________________
What is the pH scale? _________________________________________
From ______________ to __________________ on the pH scale is an acid.
From ______________ to __________________ on the pH scale is an base.
From ______________ to __________________ on the pH scale is neutral.
Carbon compounds, sugars & lipids
What is organic chemistry? __________________________________
All organic chemicals contain ________________.
Carbon has ________________ valence electrons.
Carbon can make __________________ covalent bonds.
Why are the bonds covalent? ______________________________
What is polymerization? ______________________________
What is a monomer? __________________________________
Carbohydrates are made of ______________________________.
Carbohydrates have 2 uses:
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
5
BioChem Recovery Packet
Name __________________________________________
Monosaccharides are _________________________.
What are some examples of monosaccharides? ______________________
What are monosaccharides used for? _________________________________]
Polysaccharides are _________________________.
What are some examples of polysaccharides? ______________________
What are polysaccharides used for? _________________________________]
What is glycogen? _____________________________________________
What is plant starch? ___________________________________
What is cellulose used for in the plant? ______________________________
Are lipids water soluble? _________________
What are lipids made of? ________________________
What are lipids used for:
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Lipids form fatty acids when mixed with ____________________.
What are saturated fatty acids? _____________________________
Are they good for you? ____________________________
Give an example: ___________________________________
What are unsaturated fatty acids? _____________________________
Are they good for you? ____________________________
Give an example: ______________________________
Nucleic acids & proteins:
What are nucleic acids made of? __________________________
Monomers of nucleic acids are called ____________________.
Nucleotides are made of:
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Nucleic acids are used to ______________________ & _____________.
What are the two kinds of nucleic acids?
____________________________________
____________________________________
What are proteins made of? __________________________
Monomers of proteins are called ____________________.
Amino acids are made of:
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
There are ______________ types of amino acids.
6
BioChem Recovery Packet
Name __________________________________________
Another name for protein is __________________.
What are four uses of enzymes?
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
What gives an enzyme its shape? _________________________________
Chemical Reactions
What are chemical reactions? _______________________________________
What are reactants? __________________________________________
What are the products? ________________________________________
Always ______________ bonds in the reactants to ___________ new bonds in the
products.
Energy in reactions can be _______________ or _______________.
What is spontaneous? __________________________________
When is a reaction usually spontaneous? _____________________
When should you add energy to start a reaction? ______________________
What is activation energy? ________________________________
Enzymes
Another word for an enzyme is ____________________.
What is a catalyst? ______________________________
An enzyme decreases the __________________________ of a reaction.
All enzyme names end in _____________________________.
How do enzymes work? _________________________________________
Enzyme action can be affected by:
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
Enzymes are needed for:
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
7
BioChem Recovery Packet
Name __________________________________________
Practice Quz
Sb1b Enzymes; Sb1c Macromolecules
Which statement is false about enzymes?
1. ________
a. Enzymes are specialized proteins called catalysts.
b. Enzymes lower activation energy.
c. Enzymes speed up reactions.
d. Enzymes are used up by the reaction.
2. ________
The three particles that make up an atom are
a. protons, neutrons, and isotopes.
c. protons, neutrons, and electrons.
b. neutrons, isotopes, and electrons.
d. positive, negatives, and electrons.
3. _______
If the pH of stomach acid and of oven cleaner were measured,
a. both would be below 7.
b. both would be above 7.
c. the pH of stomach acid would be below 7, but the pH of oven cleaner would be above 7.
d. the pH of stomach acid would be above 7, but the pH of oven cleaner would be below 7.
4. ________
DNA and RNA are examples of
a.Proteins b. Nucleic Acids c. Carbohydrates d. Lipids
5. ________
If an atom contains 6 protons and 8 neutrons, its atomic number is
a. 6.
b. 8. c. 12.
d. 14.
6. ________
7. ________
which of the following is the enzyme that operates on SUCROSE
a. Sucrote
b. Sucrase
c. Sucrese
d. Sucrate
A substance with a pH of 9 is called
a. a base.
b. an acid. c. both an acid and a base. d. neither an acid nor a base.
8. ________
Which of the following terms describes a substance formed by the combination of two or
more elements in definite proportions?
a. nucleus
b. isotope
c. compound d. enzyme
9. ________
The nucleus is made up of
a. protons and electrons
b. electrons and neutrons.
10. ________
A covalent bond is formed as the result of
a. transferring protons.
c. transferring electrons.
b. sharing an electron pair.
d.
sharing a proton pair.
c . protons, neutrons, and electrons.
d. protons and neutrons.
11. ________
Which of the following organic compounds is the main source of energy for living things?
a. carbohydrates
b. lipids c. nucleic acids d. proteins
12. ________
The Monomer for Nucleic Acids are
a. Amino Acids b. monosaccharides c. fatty acids d. nucleotides
13. ________
14. ________
The most abundant compound in most living things is __.
a. carbon dioxide b. sugar
c. sodium chloride.
d. water
Water molecules are polar, with
a. the oxygen and hydrogen sides being slightly negative.
b. the oxygen and hydrogen sides being slightly positive.
c. the oxygen side being slightly negative and the hydrogen side being slightly positive.
d. the oxygen side being slightly positive and the hydrogen side being slightly negative.
8
BioChem Recovery Packet
Name __________________________________________
15. ________
A monosaccharide is a __.
a. nucleic acid
b. protein
16. ________
An organic compound is a compound that contains
a. Hydrogen
b. Carbon
c. Nitrogen
17. ________
An ionic bond is formed as the result of
a. transferring electrons.
c. transferring protons.
b. sharing an electron pair.
d. sharing a proton pair.
18. ________
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and
a.
a different number of electrons.
c. a different number of neutrons.
b.
the same number of neutrons.
d. a different number of molecules.
c.carbohydrate
19. ________
When salt is dissolved in water, water is the
a. solute
b. solvent
c. reactant
20. ________
Amino Acids are the monomers for
A. Carbohydrate B. Lipids C. Proteins
d.
d. lipid
d. Oxygen
solution
D. Nucleic Acids
Fill in the Blank
21. Carbohydrates are made up of ____________________ and are used for _________________. An example of a
carbohydrate is _______________.
22. Nucleic acids are made up of _____________________ and are used for __________________. An example of a
nucleic acid is ________________.
23. Lipids are made up of _____________________ and are used for __________________. An example of a lipid is
________________.
24. Proteins are made up of _____________________ and are used for __________________. An example of a protein is
________________.
25. What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion? Give an example of each.
9