Download A4L Key Mrs Smith Major Body Systems

BOONE COUNTY FIRE PROTECTION DISTRICT
EMS EDUCATION DIVISION
Assessment For Learning (A4L) KEY
MRS. SMITH’S MAJOR BODY SYSTEMS
1. List the three major body systems. Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Neurological
2. What do cells use to make energy (metabolism)? glucose and oxygen (whenever
possible)
3. Describe anaerobic metabolism. Cells metabolize glucose to make a small amount
of energy. One unit of glucose produces two units of energy. Some lactic acid as an
unwanted (waste) by product is produced as well.
4. Describe aerobic metabolism. Cells metabolize glucose (one unit of glucose makes
two units of energy) and then additional processes take oxygen and the lactic acid
waste / by product from anaerobic metabolism and produce an additional two units of
energy in the first part (Kreb’s cycle) followed by another 30 or more units of energy
in the second phase (electron transport chain) for a total energy production of 35-38
units of energy----about 19 or 20 times more than would have been produced with
only anaerobic metabolism.
5. Does anaerobic metabolism stop during aerobic metabolism? no---anaerobic
metabolism continues as long as glucose is available but the by product (lactic acid)
builds up in the tissues
6. Why is aerobic metabolism necessary? To make enough energy in an efficient
manner. The two units of energy from one unit of glucose in anaerobic metabolism is
just not enough to support full cell functioning and it uses a lot of glucose for just a
little bit of energy.
7. In order to support aerobic metabolism, what is needed? glucose AND oxygen
8. How do we get oxygen to the cells? The respiratory system brings in air with oxygen
in it and then diffuses the oxygen into the bloodstream at the alveoli. From there, the
cardiovascular system circulates the oxygen (riding on the hemoglobin on red blood
cells) to the cells. The neurological system controls the breathing rate and depth, the
heart’s pumping rate and strength and the blood vessels (vascular container) size.
9. What is an alveolus? One of many millions of microscopic air sacs in the lungs.
10. If the respiratory system anatomy is an “upside down tree”, what are the leaves on
that tree? alveoli
11. What part of the cardiovascular system is found wrapped around the alveoli?
pulmonary capillaries---the smallest and thinnest blood vessels
12. Describe diffusion as it relates to respiration. Diffusion in respiration is the tendency
of oxygen to even out (balance) its concentration across a membrane. If that
membrane is between the alveolus and the pulmonary capillary, oxygen tends to be in
higher concentration in the alveolus than in the pulmonary capillary and so oxygen
moves into the blood. The reverse occurs with carbon dioxide (CO2) in the
pulmonary capillary since there is less CO2 in the alveolus than in the blood at that
point. At the capillary in the systemic circulation (at the tissues of the body), there
tends to be more oxygen in the blood than in the cell and there tends to be more CO2
in the cell (it was produced during metabolism as a waste / by product), so oxygen
diffuses into the cell from the blood while CO2 diffuses into the blood from the cell.
13. Where does diffusion occur during cellular respiration? In the pulmonary capillaries
and in the systemic capillaries (see number 12).
14. What is the role of the respiratory system in maintaining cellular respiration
(metabolism)? Bring in O2 and exhale CO2.
15. What is the role of the cardiovascular system in maintaining cellular respiration?
Deliver O2 from the lungs to the cells in the body and remove CO2 from the cells and
transport it to the lungs.
16. What is the role of the neurological system in maintaining cellular respiration?
Control of blood vessel size (muscular tone), control of breathing rate and depth,
control of heart pumping rate and strength.
17. What does the prefix “hypo” mean? low
18. What is hypoxia? oxygen levels in the cells
19. What is perfusion? circulation or blood flow to the cells
20. What is hypoperfusion? low blood flow to the cells
21. Describe blood flow from a capillary in the toe all the way through the heart and
pulmonary circulation and back to the toe.
22. Define arteries. Vessels with muscular walls that carry blood away from the heart and
branch off the aorta. Can constrict or dilate.
23. Define arterioles. Vessels that branch off of arteries and carry blood away from the
heart. Can constrict or dilate.
24. Define capillaries. The smallest of vessels that branch off of arterioles and then
spread out into the tissues to supply individual cells. Capillaries merge into venules.
25. Define venules. Smallest division of the venous system that carries blood from the
capillaries back toward the heart. Can constrict or dilate---has valves to prevent
backflow.
26. Define veins. Carries bloods back toward the heart. Can constrict or dilate. Valves
prevent backflow.
27. Define aorta. Largest vessel on the arterial side---exits from the heart. Receives blood
from the left ventricle.
28. Define vena cava. Largest vessel on the venous side. Empties into the right atrium.
29. Do arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? Explain your answer. On the
systemic side, arteries carry oxygenated blood but, in the pulmonary circulation,
arteries carry deoxygenated blood. In all cases, arteries carry blood away from the
heart.
30. What about veins----do they carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? Explain.
Veins carry blood toward the heart. The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood
back toward the heart from the lungs. Otherwise, veins carry deoxygenated blood
back toward the heart from the systemic circulation.
31. Define atria. Upper chambers of the heart that hold blood until the ventricles have
emptied and then contract to push blood into the ventricles thereby providing a small
amount of stretching of the ventricular chamber.
32. Define ventricles. Lower chambers of the heart that pump blood from the heart. The
RV pumps to the lungs while the LV pumps to the systemic circulation.
33. Describe the arterial and venous circulation in terms of pressure, volume, presence of
valves, description of bleeding. Arterial circulation is high pressure and low volume
compared to the venous circulation’s low pressure but high volume. The venous side
has valves. Arterial bleeding is under pressure and tends to spurt whereas the venous
side’s lower pressure provides a “flowing” bleeding.
34. Explain the role of hemoglobin and red blood cells in respiration. Hemoglobin
molecules on the red blood cells have sites for oxygen to bind so that oxygen can be
carried from the lungs to the systemic circulation to the tissues.
35. Define hematocrit. The percentage of the blood volume taken up by red blood cells.
36. Define plasma. The portion of the blood that is not red blood cells or white blood
cells / platelets. Plasma is mostly water and occupies the majority of the volume of
the blood in most cases.
37. Define serum. The portion of plasma that is not fibrinogen. Serum does not contain
blood cells or clotting factors. Serum does contain electrolytes and proteins.
38. Describe the blood flow through the heart and lungs including the valves. Blood
enters the RA from the systemic circulation. The RA dumps blood through the
tricuspid valve into the RV which pumps blood through the pulmonic valve to the PA.
Blood returns to the heart from the lungs via the PV which dumps into the LA. From
the LA, blood flows through the bicuspid valve to the LV which pumps through the
aortic valve to the aorta and thus the systemic circulation.
Final Summary:
Mrs. Smith and her friends and family need to avoid hypoxia in order to live. Hypoxia
can come from inadequate O2 in the inspired air, an obstruction in the respiratory system,
inadequate blood flow to the pulmonary capillaries, inadequate amount of red blood cells
in the blood, inadequate blood flow to the systemic tissues (poor heart function, blood
volume loss, vascular container the wrong size). Many things can cause hypoxia and
hypoperfusion. EMS professionals must learn to assess hypoxia, troubleshoot its causes
and attempt to correct both these killers.