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Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology- 9th edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Pearson/Benjamin Cummings 2009
ISBN 0-321-51353-3 (student edition)
ISBN 978 – 0-321-51353-3 (student edition)
CHAPTER 1 – THE HUMAN BODy :AN ORIENTATION
OBJECTIVES
AN OVERVIEW
1. Define anatomy and Physiology.
2. Explain how anatomy and physiology are related.
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
3. Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body, explain how they are related.
4. Name the organ systems of the body, and briefly state the major functions of each system.
5. Classify by organ systems all organs discussed.
6. Identify the organs shown on a diagram or a dissectible.
MAINTAINING LIFE
7. List the functions that humans must perform to maintain life.
8. List the survival needs of the human body
HOMEOSTASIS
9. Define homeostasis , and explain its importance.
10. Define negative feedback, and describe its role in maintaining homeostasis and normal body function.
11. * Differentiate negative and positive feedback and give an example of each.
THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
12. Describe or demonstrate anatomical position.
13. Use proper anatomical terminology to describe
14. Locate the major cavities and list the chief organs in each cavity
 surfaces
 planes
 directions
15. * Differentiate dorsal and ventral cavities
An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their
relationships to one another
 gross anatomy -study of large , easily observable structures
 microscopic anatomy – the study of body parts too small to be seen by the naked eye – cells and
tissue can be seen only under a microscope
Physiology- the study of how the body and its parts work or function
 neurophysiology
 cardiac physiology ..
Relationship
 structures determine what functions can take place
 *Form follows function
Levels of Structural Organization
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Chemical—atoms/ molecules
Cellular -Tissue- same or similar types of cells
Organ – different types of tissue
Organ System- different organs working closely together
Organismal – many systems (e.g. 11 organ systems in human body
Human organ system overview
1.


Integumentary
skin
derivatives (nails, hair, glands)
Integumentary Functions
 Protection/cushioning
 waterproofing
 excretion/secretion
 sensory reception
2.
Muscular
 skeletal muscle)
Muscular Functions
 contract movement
Skeletal
 bones
 cartilages
 ligaments
 joints
Skeletal Functions
o support/provides a framework
o protection
o movement (with muscles)
o storage of minerals
o hematopoiesis (blood formation)
3.
4.
Nervous




brain
spinal cord
nerves
sensory receptors
Nervous Functions
 respond to internal and external stimuli
 sensory receptors detect changes and send electrical signals called nerve
impulses to central nervous system
 CNS assess info and activating the appropriate effector (muscle or gland)
5.
Endocrine ) hormones









6.
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroids
adrenals
thymus
pancreas
pineal
ovaries (female)
testes (male)
Endocrine functions
o slower control system
o control by release of hormones into blood stream
Digestive
 digestive tube
mouth (oral cavity)
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
*anus
 accessory glands
salivary glands
liver
pancreas
Digestive functions
 break down food
 deliver products to the blood stream
7.
8.
Cardiovascular
 heart
 blood vessels
Cardiovascular Functions
 carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones…to and from tissues
 white blood cell – *immune function
Urinary (excretory)
 kidneys
 ureters
 bladder
 urethra
Urinary Function
 nitrogenous waste removal
 electrolyteand acid/base balance
9. Respiratory
 nasal passages
 pharynx
 larynx

trachea
 bronchi

lungs
Respiratory functions
 keep the body constantly supplied with oxgen
 remove carbon dioxide
10. Lymphatic (*immune)
 lymphatic vessels
 lymph nodes
 other lymphatic organs e.g. spleen tonsils
Lymphatic functions
 immune function
 returns fluid to blood
11a.Reproductive (male)
 scrotum
 penis
 accessory glands
 duct system
Reproductive function
 produce offspring
11b. Reproductive (female)
 ovaries
 uterine tubes
 uterus
 vagina
MAINTAININIG LIFE
Necessary Life Functions
1. Maintaining Boundaries
 distinct “inside” and “outside”
 cells/membrane as body/skin
 controls substances entering and leaving
2. Movement
 propelling ourselves from one place to another e.g. walking, swimming…
 manipulating the external environment with our fingers
 skeletal/muscle cooperation
 substances propelled through body e.g. blood, food wastes
3. Responsiveness or irritability
 the ability to sense changes in the environment and react to them
 all cells – but nervous system in particular
4. Digestion
 breaking down ingested food into absorbable units
and distributing these units to all body regions
 digestion / cardiovascular
5. Metabolism- regulat4ed by hormones from endocrine system
 all chemical reactions that occur within the body
 Digestion/cardiovascular/Respiratory systems
 Digestion decomposition
 Cardiovascular circulation
 Respiratory synthesis of ATP
  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) body’s readily available energy source
synthesized in Cellular Respiration
6. Excretion
 removal of wastes
 digestive: solid/ urinary : liquid ( nitrogenous)
7. Reproduction
 production of offspring
 cellular/organism
 reproductive /endocrine systems
8. Growth
 increase in size/ increase in cells
 cell construction rate faster than cell –destruction
SURVIVAL NEEDS (need to be present in appropriate ranges – excesses & deficits
harmful
1. Nutrients (food)
 carbohydrates
 proteins
 fats
 minerals/vitamins
2. Oxygen
3.
4.
5.
 necessary for cellular respiration (to release energy from food)
 20% of air is Oxygen
 cooperation of respiratory and cardiovascular systems
Water
 6080% of body weight
 all metabolism occurs in an aqueous environment
Appropriate Temperature
 approx 37 C (98F)
 too high – proteins denature
 too low – metabolism stops
Atmospheric Pressure
 necessary for breathing and gas exchange
 too low  cell metabolism stops
HOMEOSTASIS
 The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world if constantly
changing.
 homeo = the same
 stasis = standing still
 dynamic state of equilibrium – internal conditions change and vary within relatively narrow limits
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis and is accomplished chiefly by the
nervous – electrical delivered by nerves
endocrine – blood borne hormones
Three parts to a control mechanism
1.
2.
3.
receptor –sensory receptors or sensor
a sensor which monitors and responds to changes
stimulus – afferent pathways from receptors to control center
control center- portion of the central nervous system
 determines the set point or range at which a variable is to be maintained
 analyzes the information it receives from the receptor
 determines the appropriate response or course of action
effector (muscle or gland)
 receives information from the control center along efferent pathways
 *tells muscle to move
 *tells gland to secrete
 results of the respsonse feedback to influence either by depressing it (negative) or
enhancing it (positive)
negative feedback – react until the wrong is righted analogy
Thermometer --- Receptor
Thermostat---- Control center
Furnace ---------Effector
Positive Feedback – produce a product
Blood clot formation
Birth of a baby
Most diseases are the result of homeostatic imbalance- abnormal condition
The Language of Anatomy
ANATOMICAL POSITION
1. standing erect
2. feet parallel
3. arms at side
4. palms forward(*supine)
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
* SURFACES
1. Dorsal – back
2. Ventral – front
3-4 Lateral - sides
5. Cranial - top of head
6. Caudal -“ Tail area”
REGIONAL TERMS
1. cephalic head
2. cervical neck
3. thoracic chest
4. abdominal
5. pelvic
6. inguinal  groin
7. pubic genital
Planes
1. sagital right and left sides
2. midsagital  right and left halves
3. transvers  tops and bottoms
4. frontal  fronts and backs