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Psychological
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Psychology 40S
Source: PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition) David Myers
C. McMurray
Psychological Disorders
1. Anxiety Disorders
2. Obsessive Compulsive Disorders and
Related Disorders
3. Mood Disorders
4. Dissociative Disorders
5. Schizophrenia
6. Personality Disorders
Defining Psychological Disorders
Mental health workers view psychological
disorders as persistently harmful thoughts,
feelings, and actions.
When behavior is deviant, distressful, and
dysfunctional psychiatrists and psychologists
label it as disordered
DSM - 5
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th
Edition
• Standard classification of mental disorders used by mental
health professionals
• Contains criteria for every psychiatric disorder
Changes to DSM
1. Anxiety Disorders
Examples:
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Panic Disorder
• Phobias
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders
Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
Anxiety Disorders:
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Symptoms:
1. Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and
apprehension.
2. Autonomic arousal.
3. Inability to identify or avoid the cause of
certain feelings.
Anxiety Disorders: Phobia
Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or
situation that disrupts behavior.
Anxiety Disorder: Panic Disorder
Panic Disorder Symptoms:
Minute-long episodes of intense dread which
may include feelings of terror, chest pains,
choking, or other frightening sensations.
Anxiety is a component of both disorders. It
occurs more in the panic disorder, making
people avoid situations that cause it.
Anxiety Disorder:
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Four or more weeks of the following symptoms
constitute post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD):
1. Haunting memories
2. Nightmares
3. Social withdrawal
5. Sleep problems
Bettmann/ Corbis
4. Jumpy anxiety
2. Obsessive Compulsive Disorders and
Related Disorders
• DSM-5 added a new category of disorders called ObsessiveCompulsive and Related Disorders (OCRDs)
• The OCRDs category includes the familiar obsessivecompulsive disorder. It also includes two newly defined
disorders with obsessive-compulsive features. These are
hoarding disorder and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder. Also
included in the new OCRD category are body dysmorphic
disorder (previously classified as a Somatoform Disorder) and
trichotillomania (hair-pulling, previously classified as an
Impulse Control Disorder Not Elsewhere Classified).
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions)
and urges to engage in senseless rituals
(compulsions) that cause distress.
3. Mood Disorders
Examples:
• Major Depressive Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder
Mood Disorders:
Major Depressive Disorder
Depression is the “common cold” of
psychological disorders.
Mood Disorders:
Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of
depression last two weeks or more and are not
caused by drugs or medical conditions.
Signs include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Lethargy and fatigue
Feelings of worthlessness
Loss of interest in family & friends
Loss of interest in activities
Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder
Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An
alternation between depression and mania signals
bipolar disorder.
Depressive Symptoms
Gloomy
Withdrawn
Inability to make decisions
Tired
Slowness of thought
Manic Symptoms
Elation
Euphoria
Desire for action
Hyperactive
Multiple ideas
Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder 1 and 2
Bipolar 1:
Depression and Manic episodes
During manic episodes of bipolar 1 disorder, you may become delusional
and/or suffer from hallucinations, which are symptoms of psychosis. If
this occurs, the condition is called bipolar I with psychotic features.
Bipolar I can seriously impair your day-to-day functioning.
(About Health: http://bipolar.about.com/cs/faqs/f/faq_bp1.htm)
Bipolar 2:
Depression and Hypomanic episodes
During hypomanic episodes, a few of the most common symptoms are:
• Not needing a lot of sleep, but not being tired
• Having more energy than usual
• Risky behavior, such as reckless spending
• Grandiosity, pressured speech and/or racing thoughts
(About Health: http://bipolar.about.com/cs/faqs/f/faq_bp2.htm)
4. Dissociative Disorder
Conscious awareness becomes separated
(dissociated) from previous memories,
thoughts, and feelings.
Symptoms
1. Having a sense of being unreal.
2. Being separated from the body.
3. Watching yourself as if in a movie.
Example: Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Is a disorder in which a person exhibits two or
more distinct and alternating personalities,
formerly called multiple personality disorder.
Lois Bernstein/ Gamma Liason
Chris Sizemore (DID)
5. Schizophrenia
If depression is the common cold of psychological
disorders, schizophrenia is the cancer.
Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from schizophrenia, and
throughout the world over 24 million people suffer
from this disease
Schizophrenia strikes young people as they mature into
adults. It affects men and women equally, but men
suffer from it more severely than women.
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
The literal translation is “split mind.” A group
of severe disorders characterized by the
following:
1. Disorganized and delusional
thinking.
2. Disturbed perceptions.
3. Inappropriate emotions and
actions.
Delusions – false beliefs
Disturbed Perceptions
A person with schizophrenia may perceive
things that are not there (hallucinations).
Frequently such hallucinations are auditory.
L. Berthold, Untitled. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg
August Natter, Witches Head. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg
Photos of paintings by Krannert Museum, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Auditory Hallucinations
“This is designed to provide the listener with some
understanding of what it might be like to experience auditory
hallucinations. Content in this presentation is based on things
our clients tell us they hear through my experience as a mental
health outreach worker.” (Jarrad Wale)
Auditory hallucinations
6. Personality Disorders
Personality disorders are
characterized by inflexible
and enduring behavior
patterns that impair social
functioning.
Example: Antisocial Personality Disorder
A disorder in which the person (usually
men) exhibits a lack of conscience for
wrongdoing, even toward friends and
family members. Formerly, this person was
called a sociopath or psychopath.