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Chapter 19: Heart
Name: ____________ Class: ____
Introduction to the Cardiovascular System
1.
What are the two parts of the cardiovascular system?
2. Differentiate between the functions of arteries, veins, and capillaries.
3. What is a common mistake people make when describing the difference between arteries and veins? Why is
this wrong (what part of the circulatory system is this not true for?)
4. The right side of the heart takes ___________________ blood from the _____________ and pumps it to the
______________. The left side of the heart takes __________________ blood from the ________________ and
pumps it to the ___________________.
5.
What is the function of heart valves? What are the four valves of the heart and where are they located?
6. Draw the heart and major blood vessels, labeling: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle,
tricuspid valve, mitral valve, aortic semilunar valve, pulmonary semilunar valve, superior vena cava, inferior vena
cava, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, aorta, pulmonary trunk, intraventricular septum. ALSO draw arrows
showing the flow of blood through the heart and blood vessels.
The Heart within the Thoracic Cavity
7.
What is the pericardium? Name three functions of the pericardium.
Heart Anatomy
8.
What are auricles? What do they look like?
9. Identify and describe the three layers of the heart.
10. Describe the differences in structure of the atria and ventricles, and relate to their functions.
11. Describe the differences in structure of the right ventricle vs the left ventricle, and relate to their functions.
12. What is a heart murmur? Differentiate between valvular insufficiency and valvular stenosis.
13. Of all the types of muscle cells, only cardiac cells contain intercalated discs. What two structures are found
within the intercalated discs, and what is the function of each?
14. What is the main form of cardiac muscle metabolism? What is the consequence of relying on this form of
metabolism?
Coronary Vessels: Blood Supply Within the Heart
15. What is the function of coronary circulation?
16. Heart disease is a broad term that involves any disorder affecting the heart’s blood supply, muscle, valves, or
rhythm. The terms below describe disorders that fall under the category of heart disease. Define each term
and describe its symptoms.
a. Atheroscelorsis
b. Angina pectoralis
c. Myocardial infarction
Anatomical Structures Controlling Heart Activity
17. What is the function of the heart’s internal conduction system?
18. Draw the conduction system of the heart, labeling and describing the function of each of the following:
sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle, right and left bundle branches,
Purkinje fibers.
Stimulation of the Heart
19. What is autorhythmicity? Describe how nodal cells, such as those in the SA node, serve as the pacemaker of the
heart.
20. What is the path of an action potential through the conduction system of the heart?
21. What anatomic features slow the conduction rate of the action potential as it passes through the AV node?
What is the function of this delay?
Cardiac Muscle Cells
22. Draw a normal ECG and label the following waves: P, QRS, T
23. What event(s) occur during each of the following parts of the ECG?
a. P wave
b. QRS complex
c. T wave
d. PQ segment
e. ST segment
f.
QT interval
24. Define each of the following problems that can be detected by looking an ECG.
a. Tachycardia
b. Heart block
c. Atrial fibrillation
d. Ventricular fibrillation
Cardiac Cycle
1. Differentiate between systole and diastole.
2. When the atria contract, which valves open and which valves close? Why?
3. When the ventricles contract, which valves open and which valves close? Why?
4. What is edema?
Cardiac Output
1. Define cardiac output.
2. Explain how and why athlete’s and infant’s heart rates differ from normal adults?
3. Define cardiac reserve.
4. Describe how each of the following factors affects cardiac output
a. Atherosclerosis
b. Ca2+ channel blocking drugs that treat high blood pressure
c. Increased heart rate
d. Nicotine
Development of the Heart
5. What is the foramen ovale and what is its function?