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Physiology: Blood and Circulatory System Review
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Hematophobia is the ___fear of blood_____________________.
Blood is a __connective____________ tissue.
What are the two basic components that make up blood? Cells, plasma
What is hematocrit? Part of the blood made out of cells (red blood cells) ~ 45%
What are the three types of blood cells? Red (erythrocytes), white (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes)
Red blood cells/erythrocytes: biconcave, lack nuclei
What is the main function of red blood cells? Carry oxygen to cells, remove carbon dioxide
What is hematopoiesis? The formation of blood cells in the bone marrow
What is hemoglobin? Protein molecule in red blood cells that carries the oxygen
Why is iron important to your blood? Important element in hemoglobin (see above)
What is anemia? Lacking red blood cells
What is erythropoietin? Hormone that stimulates the formation of red blood cells
What are leukocytes and what is their function? White blood cells – defend body against disease
What is the difference between granulocytes (grainy cytoplasm) and agranulocytes (cytoplasm is not grainy)?
These make up the largest % of granulocytes and use phagocytosis to engulf bacteria. (Neutrophils)
Granulocyte that attacks parasites (and controls allergic reactions). (Eosinophils)
Granulocyte that produces heparin and histamines. (Basophils)
These make up the largest % of agranulocytes and are the main defense in our immune system. (Lymphocytes)
Agranulocyte that is a precursor of the macrophage and has a horseshoe shaped nucleus. (Monocytes)
These cells initiate the formation of blood clots. platelets
Describe the 3 main steps in making a blood clot.
1. Blood vessel spasm blood vessels to contract (serotonin, a vasoconstrictor )
2. Platelet plug formation - platelets stick to surfaces of damaged blood vessels and to each other to form a
"plug"
3. Blood coagulation - most effective, forms a blood clot (hematoma).
Main event - conversion of fibrinogen into long protein threads called fibrin.
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What is the difference between systemic (system) and pulmonary (lungs) circulation?
What is the difference between arteries (away from heart) and veins (to heart)?
What is the bag-like structure around the heart? pericardium
Be able to describe/label the path of blood through the heart.
Pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid(mitral) valve -> left ventricle ->aortic valve -> aorta -> body ->
inferior vena cava ->right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs ->
pulmonary veins
Be able to label both the external and internal parts of the heart.
What is the cardiac cycle? One heart beat
What is the difference between systolic (contraction of aortic valve and left ventricle) and diastolic (ventricle
relaxed)?
What is blood pressure and what factors affect its level? Pressure of the blood on the arteries
Factors affecting blood pressure:
1. Cardiac Output: amount of blood ejected from the heart (weak muscle)
2. Blood volume (5 liters for avg adult): dehydration decreases, water retention (salt intake) increases
3. Vessel elasticity: hardening of the arteries increases blood pressure (arteriosclerosis)
4. Peripheral Resistance: blood vessel diameter, length, blood viscosity (anything that decreases the flow of
blood increases blood pressure)
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30) What is considered an average blood pressure reading? 120/80
31) What is a sphygmomanometer? Device used to measure blood pressure
32) What is an ECG/EKG? recording of electrical events that occur during the cardiac cycle
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Be able to identify the P wave (depolarization of the atria (atrial contraction – systole), QRS complex
depolarization of the ventricles (ventricular contraction, systole), and the T wave (Repolarization of the
ventricles). What causes each?
33) Specialized cardiac tissue that carries impulses makes up the _ Cardiac Conduction System _______.
34) The initial node (S-A node) in the cardiac conduction system is also known as the ___“Pacemaker” _________.
35) The regulation of the cardiac cycle takes place in the _cardiad center__________ of the __medulla
oblongata________.
36) A __defibrillator______________ can be used if the heart has stopped beating or to “reset” an irregular
heartbeat (arrhythmia).
37) What are capillaries? Penetrate nearly all tissues (very thin)
38) What is the difference between vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) and vasodialation (expansion of
blood vessels)?