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Unit 6 Notes, Part 1: Classical Conditioning UCSCS- Classical Conditioning: _______________________ responses to ______________ stimuli Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and ____________________--triggers a response Unconditioned Response (UCR): unlearned, natural response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) o salivation when food is in the mouth Conditioned Stimulus (CS): after __________________ with unconditioned stimulus (UCS), triggers a conditioned response Conditioned Response (CR): ________________ response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus Ivan Pavlov o 1849-1936 o Russian physician/ neurophysiologist o Nobel Prize in 1904 o studied __________________ secretions Pavlov’s Experiment UCRCR- Acquisition o Initial stage in classical conditioning o associate a neutral stimulus (bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (food) So this neutral stimulus (bell) comes to elicit a conditioned response (salivate) Extinction o diminishing of a CR (salivation) o in classical conditioning, when a UCS (food) does not follow a CS(bell) Spontaneous Recovery o reappearance of an extinguished CR (salivation with bell) Generalization o tendency for stimuli similar (horn) to CS (bell) to elicit similar responses (salivation) Discrimination o ability to distinguish between a CS (bell) and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS (food) Unit 6 Notes, Part 2: Operant Conditioning & Reinforcement Law of Effect: Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by _______________ consequences become __________ likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become __________ likely B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect developed behavioral technology Skinner Box ____________ with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer contains devices to record responses Reinforcer: any event that ___________________ the behavior it follows Shaping: reinforcers guide behavior toward closer ________________ of a desired goal Punishment: aversive (________________) event that decreases the behavior that it follows Continuous Reinforcement reinforcing the desired response _________ time it occurs Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement reinforcing a response only _________ of the time results in _________ acquisition greater resistance to ____________ Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforces a response only after a specified ___________ of responses _______ you respond the more rewards you get very high rate of responding like piecework pay Variable Ratio (VR) reinforces a response after an ______________________ number of responses like __________, fishing very hard to __________ because of unpredictability Fixed Interval (FI) reinforces a response only after a specified __________ has elapsed response occurs more _____________ as the anticipated time for reward draws near Variable Interval (VI) reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals produces ______ steady responding like pop quiz Cognitive Map: mental representation of the ____________ of one’s environment o Example: being about to visualize your path between classes Latent Learning: learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to ______________ it Intrinsic Motivation: Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be ___________ Extrinsic Motivation: Desire to perform a behavior due to promised ________________ or threats of punishments Overjustification Effect the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already ______________ to do the person may now see the _________, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task