Download Behavioral theories

 Classical Conditioning
 Operant Conditioning
 Social-Cognitive Theory
BEHAVIORAL
THEORIES
Theories of Development
BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
 Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
… Neutral stimulus paired with active stimulus
to produce response.
 Watson’s Conditioning of ‘little Albert’
… Involuntary responses are learned.
 Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
… Consequences, rewards and punishment,
shape behavior.
Theories of Development
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORIES
 Bandura
… Emphasizes observational learning.
… Focus on reciprocal interactions among
behavior, cognition, and environment
(any one can influence the others).
… Cognitive thought needed to imitate
others.
Theories of Development
BANDURA’S SOCIAL COGNITIVE
MODEL
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE LEARNING
THEORY
Model: Conscious and Rational
 Very compatible theory with the American
culture.
 No such thing as an unconscious.
 Not going to tell you something about yourself
that you don’t already know.
 Does not challenge our beliefs as
psychodynamic does.
 Common sense approach.
 Added the symbolic environment as opposed to
just rewards and punishments.
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE LEARNING
THEORY
Reciprocal Determinism (causation)
 Triangular Model:
 Person

Internal personal factors such as cognitions,
affective reactions, and biological processes.
 Behavior

Overt behavior.
 Environment

Actual Environment.
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE LEARNING
THEORY
Observational Learning:
 Attention
 Symbolic Representation
 Transformation into Action
 Motivational Incentive
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE LEARNING
THEORY
Self-Efficacy:

Persons belief in their ability to produce desired
results from their own actions.
Ways to develop Efficacy:

Mastery Experiences

Social Modeling

Social Persuasion

Physical and Emotional States and ability to
read them
This is not self-esteem.
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE LEARNING
THEORY
Important:

Very Simple

Expectancies

Person---Behavior---Consequence

The expectancy occurs between each step.

The first is self-efficacy: that you can perform
a specific behavior in a specific situation.

The second is the outcome expectancy-you
will receive what you are suppose to receive
(reinforcement value).
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE LEARNING
THEORY
When negative behaviors do happen?
Mechanisms of Disengagement:
 Moral Justification
 Euphemistic Labeling
 Minimizing the consequences
 Dehumanizing the victim
 Blaming the victim
 Someone else’s responsibility
 Diffusion of responsibility
Theories of Development
EVALUATING THE BEHAVIORAL AND
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORIES
 Contributions include:
… Scientific research
… Person and cognitive factors
… Environmental determinants
… Observational learning
 Criticisms include:
…
Lack of focus on cognition
…
Too little attention to developmental changes
…
Overemphasis on environmental determinants
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
 Creator: Ivan Pavlov
OPERANT CONDITIONING
 Creator: B.F. Skinner
LEARNED FEAR
 Creator: John Watson